Brolillelund0473

The response of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emission to manure application has been widely reported for laboratory experiments. However, the in-situ effects of manure application on soil N2O emission from field trials (i.e. real-world conditions) and related mechanisms are poorly understood at the global scale. Here, we performed a meta-analysis using 262 field observations from 44 publications to assess the in-situ effects of manure application on soil N2O emission and factors regulating N2O emission (e.g., agricultural practices, manure characteristics and initial soil properties). Our analysis found that manure application significantly increased soil N2O emission in field trials. The largest N2O emissions were observed in soils from warm temperate climates, planted with upland non-leguminous crops and using raw manure. Notably, water-filled pore space (WFPS) significantly affected N2O emission; soils with 50-90% WFPS had the highest N2O emissions. Initial soil properties (e.g. pH, texture and organic carbon (C)) were generally not significant for predicting N2O emission, possibly due to changes in soil properties induced by manure additions. Manures with carbon nitrogen ratios (CN) of 10-15 and C contents of 100-300 g C kg-1 produced the lowest N2O emission. The net N2O emission factor (1.13%) resulting from manure application was similar to additions of synthetic N fertilizer (1.25%) and crop residues (1.06%), suggesting that manure application resulted in a similar N2O emission to other soil amendments. Our analysis provides a scientific basis for manure management options to minimize N2O emissions from animal waste disposal on agricultural lands globally.Microplastics (MPs) on lakes have been reported mainly from Europe, Asia, and North America. Then, this study aimed to address the quantification and identification of MPs in nine lakes from the Argentine Patagonian Region. selleck inhibitor Blue colored fibers were dominant, with a size range between 0.2 and less then 0.4 mm. The mean MPs concentration was 0.9 ± 0.6 MPs m-3, suggesting a low pollution state when compared to other worldwide lakes. Raman microscopy analysis showed a predominance of Indigo Blue Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) particles. The upper-gradient runoff from urban settlements, textiles, and fisheries were identified as the main MPs sources and levels positively correlated with the higher area, shallower depth, and with an end-position in the watershed. These findings fill a gap in the geographical distribution knowledge, setting a baseline that emphasizes the need for better treatment of urban and fisheries wastes in continental lakes.Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are of particular environmental concern due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. Phytoremediation may be used to remove PFASs from wastewater. Here we investigated the uptake mechanism, subcellular distribution, and uptake process of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate acid (PFOS) in the wetland plant Alisma orientale by using a series of hydroponic experiments. Active uptake facilitated by water transporters and anion channels was involved in the uptake of PFASs by plant roots. PFOA and PFOS were mainly distributed in the water-soluble fraction (46.2-70.8%) and in cell walls (45.6-58.4%), respectively. The uptake process was proposed as follows PFOS and PFOA were first distributed in the soluble fraction; a proportion of PFOS and PFOA were adsorbed gradually by the cell wall, and a proportion of PFOS and PFOA in the cell wall passed through the cell wall and plasmalemma and bind with organelles. PFOS and PFOA were transported from the external solution to the vascular bundle of the plant root through both symplastic and apoplastic routes.Plastic pollution in the oceans is a priority environmental issue. The recent increase in research on the topic, coupled with growing public awareness, has catalyzed policymakers around the world to identify and implement solutions that minimize the harm caused by plastic pollution. To aid and coordinate these efforts, we surveyed experts with scientific experience identified through their peer-reviewed publications. We asked experts about the most pressing research questions relating to how biota interact with plastic pollution that in turn can inform policy decisions and research agendas to best contribute to understanding and reducing the harm of plastic pollution to biota. We used a modified Horizon Scan method that first used a subgroup of experts to generate 46 research questions on aquatic biota and plastics, and then conducted an online survey of researchers globally to prioritize questions in terms of their importance to inform policy development. One hundred and fifteen experts from 29 countries ranked research questions in six themes. The questions were ranked by urgency, indicating which research should be addressed immediately, which can be addressed later, and which are of limited relevance to inform action on plastics as an environmental pollutant. We found that questions relating to the following four themes were the most commonly top-ranked research priorities (i) sources, circulation and distribution of plastics, (ii) type of harm from plastics, (iii) detection of ingested plastics and the associated problems, and (iv) related economies and policy to ingested plastics. While there are many research questions on the topic of impacts of plastic pollution on biota that could be funded and investigated, our results focus collective priorities in terms of research that experts believe will inform effective policy and on-the-ground conservation.Accurately evaluating the adsorption properties of various adsorbents by some parameter is of great significance to select an appropriate adsorbent and remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) efficiently. In this study, we successfully found a new parameter as a common standard in selecting adsorbents. Six classical adsorbents containing three carbon materials and three porous polymeric resins were used, and their surface energy (γst) and corresponding gas-solid partition coefficients (K) of eleven VOCs were measured by inverse gas chromatography (IGC) at three different column temperatures of 343 K(or 353 K), 373 K and 403 K. Then, these values at 303 K were calculated according to the linear relationship between lnK and 1/T. It was found that surface energy was significantly correlated with K values for a specific VOC, and could be used as a common standard to well evaluate the adsorption properties of various adsorbents. Furthermore, we employed it to develop a model for predicting the adsorption properties of low-concentration VOCs on various adsorbents at 303 K.