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BACKGROUND Plant lectins has shown promising biological activities in the central nervous system (CNS). OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effect of DAL, a lectin isolated from the seeds of the Dioclea altissima species, has binding affinity to D-glucose or D-mannose residues, on mouse behavior. METHODS Mice (n=6/group) were treated (i.p.) with DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) or vehicle and submitted to several tests (open field/OFT, marble-burying/MBT, hole-board/HBT, elevated plus maze/PMT, tail suspension/TST, forced swimming/FST or rotarod/RRT). Pizotifen, Cyproheptadine, Flumazenil, L-NAME, 7-NI, L-arginine or Yohimbine were administered 15 min before DAL (0.25 mg/kg) and the animals were evaluated on PMT. It was also verified whether the DAL effect depended on its structural integrity and ability to interact with carbohydrates. RESULTS The results showed there were no neurobehavioral changes in the mice at the RRT, FST and locomotion in the OFT. DAL (0.25, 0.5 or 1 mg/kg) increased the behavior of grooming and rearing in the OFT, head dips in the HBT, pedalling in the TST and decreased the number of marbles hidden in the MBT. In the PMT, DAL (0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/kg) and Diazepam increased the frequency of entries in the open arms and the time of permanence in the open arms without affecting the locomotor activity. The effect of DAL was dependent on carbohydrate interaction and protein structure integrity and was prevented by pizotifen, cyproheptadine, flumazenil, L-NAME and 7-NI, but not by L-arginine or yohimbine. CONCLUSION DAL was found to have an anxiolytic-like effect mediated by the 5-HT and GABAergic receptors and NO pathway. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Infectious diseases commonly occur in tropical and sub-tropical countries. The pathogens of such diseases are able to multiply in human hosts, warranting their continual survival. Infections that are commonplace include malaria, chagas, trypanosomiasis, giardiasis, amoebiasis, toxoplasmosis and leishmaniasis. Malaria is known to cause symptoms, such as high fever, chills, nausea and vomiting, whereas the chagas disease causes enlarged lymph glands, muscle pain, swelling and chest pain. People suffering from African trypanosomiasis may experience severe headaches, irritability, extreme fatigue and swollen lymph nodes. As an infectious disease progresses, the human host may also experience personality changes and neurologic problems. If left untreated, most of these diseases can lead to death. Parasites, microbes and bacteria are increasingly adapting and generating strains that are resistant to current clinical drugs. Drug resistance creates an urgency for the development of new drugs to treat these infections. Nitro containing drugs, such as chloroamphenicol, metronidazole, tinidazole and secnidazole had been banned for use as antiparasitic agents, due to their toxicity. However, recent discoveries of nitro containing anti-tuberculosis drugs, i.e. delamanid and pretonamid, and the re-purposing of flexinidazole for use in combination with eflornithine for the treatment of human trypanosomiasis, have ignited interest in nitroaromatic scaffolds as viable sources of potential anti-infective agents. This review highlights the differences between old and new nitration methodologies. It furthermore offers insights into recent advances in the development of nitroaromatics as anti-infective drugs. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.With the continuous development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, big datasupported AI technology with considerable computer and learning capacity has been applied in diagnosing different types of diseases. This study reviews the application of expert system, neural network, and deep learning used by AI technology in disease diagnosis. This paper also gives a glimpse of the intelligent diagnosis and treatment of digestive system diseases, respiratory system diseases, and osteoporosis by AI technology. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND The replacement of carbohydrate sweeteners with protein sweeteners from plants has attracted the interest of researchers because these proteins don't trigger the insulin response and are more nutritive for consumption in food. Brazzein (Braz) is a small and heatstable sweet protein that has been originally derived from African plant Pentadiplandra brazzeana. In the present work the solubility, sweetness and yield of recombinant forms of Braz in two expression hosts, E. coli and S. cerevisiae were comprised. METHODS The codon-optimized gene of Braz was cloned in expression vectors pET28a and pET41a and GPD. The resulted vectors pET28a-Braz and pET41a-Braz were transformed to BrazS. cerevisiae and the vector GPD-Braz was transformd to S. cerevisiae. The expression of Braz in different systems was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blotting. RESULTS The results verified the heterologous expression of Braz in S. Box5 order cerevisiae carrying GPD-Braz. Also the expression of Braz as carboxy-terminal extensions of His-tag and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were verified in transgenic E. coli containing pET28a-Braz and pET41a-Braz, respectively. CONCLUSION Although the yield of GST-Braz was higher than His-Braz and Braz expressed in S. cerevisiae, but the higher solubility, sweetness, safety (GRAS) are important advantages of the use of S. cerevisiae as expression host for production of Braz. Therefore the result of present work opens new insights for providing the new sweet yeasts that can be used as food additives. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Synchronous displays are hallmarks of many animal societies, ranging from the pulsing flashes of fireflies, to military marching in humans. Such displays are known to facilitate mate attraction or signal relationship quality. Across many taxa, synchronous male displays appear to be driven by competition, while synchronous displays in humans are thought to be unique in that they serve a cooperative function. Indeed, it is well established that human synchrony promotes cooperative endeavours and increases success in joint action tasks. We examine another system in which synchrony is tightly linked to cooperative behaviour. Male bottlenose dolphins form long-lasting, multi-level, cooperative alliances in which they engage in coordinated efforts to coerce single oestrus females. Previous work has revealed the importance of motor synchrony in dolphin alliance behaviour. Here, we demonstrate that allied dolphins also engage in acoustic coordination whereby males will actively match the tempo and, in some cases, synchronize the production of their threat vocalization when coercing females.