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It also highlights the management of irAEs according to their toxicity grading and specifically discusses the instances in which corticosteroids should be administered and/or the immune checkpoint inhibitors should be withheld. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press and Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.Following initial success in melanoma and lung tumours, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are now well recognized as a major immunotherapy treatment modality for multiple types of solid cancers. selleck products In colorectal cancer (CRC), the small subset that is mismatch-repair-deficient and microsatellite-instability-high (dMMR/MSI-H) derive benefit from immunotherapy; however, the vast majority of patients with proficient MMR (pMMR) or with microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC do not. Immunoscore and the consensus molecular subtype classifications are promising biomarkers in predicting therapeutic efficacy in selected CRC. In pMRR/MSS CRC, biomarkers are also needed to understand the molecular mechanisms governing immune reactivity and to predict their relationship to treatment. The continuous development of such biomarkers would offer new perspectives and more personalized treatments by targeting oncological options, including ICIs, which modify the tumour-immune microenvironment. In this review, we focus on CRC and discuss the current status of ICIs, the role of biomarkers to predict response to immunotherapy, and the approaches being explored to render pMMR/MSS CRC more immunogenic through the use of combined therapies. © The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press and Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.At present, natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) has attracted more and more attention worldwide, because of its great advantages including minimal cutaneous trauma and post-operative pain, fast post-operative recovery, short hospital stay, and positive psychological impact. However, NOSES for the treatment of gastric cancer (GC) is still in its infancy, and there is great potential to improve its theoretical system and clinical practice. Especially, several key points including oncological outcomes, bacteriological concerns, indication selection, and standardized surgical procedures are raised with this innovative technique. Therefore, it is necessary to achieve an international consensus to regulate the implementation of GC-NOSES, which is of great significance for healthy and orderly development of NOSES worldwide. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press and Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University.The induction of graft tolerance remains the holy grail of transplantation. This is important as chronic allograft dysfunction and the side effects of immunosuppression regimens place a major burden on the lives of transplant patients and their healthcare systems. This has mandated the need to understand the immunobiology of graft rejection and identify novel therapeutics. Regulatory T (Treg) cells play an important role in modulating pro-inflammatory microenvironments and maintaining tissue homeostasis. However, there are fundamental unanswered questions regarding Treg cell immunobiology. These cells are a heterogeneous entity with functionally diverse roles. Moreover, the adoption of novel deeper immunophenotyping and genomic sequencing technologies has identified this phenotype and function to be more complex than expected. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of Treg cell heterogeneity is needed to safely and effectively exploit their therapeutic potential. From a clinical perspective, the recent decade has seen different clinical teams commence and complete first-in-man clinical trials utilising Treg cells as an adoptive cellular therapy. In this review, we discuss these trials from a translational perspective with an important focus on safety. Finally, we identify crucial knowledge gaps for future study. © 2019 The Authors. Clinical & Translational Immunology published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian and New Zealand Society for Immunology Inc.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-1-reading-attar a video presentation of this article. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-1-reading-nilles a video presentation of this article Answer questions and earn https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7025330/disclaimerspopup.aspx. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-1-reading-abdel-send a video presentation of this article http//aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)2046-2484/video/15-1-interview-send the interview with the author Answer questions and earn https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7025317/disclaimerspopup.aspx. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.Answer questions and earn https//www.wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity/7025323/disclaimerspopup.aspx. © 2020 by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.The best operation method for an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm remains controversial. We report on a repair of an isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm. A 78-year-old man was referred to our facility for treatment of a left isolated internal iliac artery aneurysm. At first, we embolized the arteries distal to the aneurysm using coils and vascular plugs. Two weeks later, we performed open surgery. We resected the aneurysm wall through a transperitoneal approach only with proximal blood flow control and without surgical exposure and clamping of the arteries distal to the aneurysm. The blood flow of the internal iliac artery distal to the aneurysm had completely ceased after embolization in the first stage, which enabled us to avoid further pelvic dissection and potential bleeding. At the 6-month follow up, the patient was well and without complaints. Published by Oxford University Press and JSCR Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved. © The Author(s) 2020.