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Significant progresses had been achieved worldwide in the past 2 decades, however, improvement of research activity and international collaboration is still a need for most countries.

Significant progresses had been achieved worldwide in the past 2 decades, however, improvement of research activity and international collaboration is still a need for most countries.A 56-year-old woman with Down syndrome presented with right-sided weakness and dysarthria, and was found on CT/CTA to have a left middle cerebral artery infarct secondary to moyamoya disease. Her left posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) was fed both by the left vertebral artery, and the left ascending pharyngeal artery (APA), with a variant origin from the internal carotid artery (ICA), then passing through the jugular foramen (Figure 1). Her right PICA originated exclusively from her right occipital artery, also via the jugular foramen (Figure 2). The left vertebral artery originated directly from the aortic arch, whereas the right vertebral artery originated from the brachiocephalic trunk. In addition, she had a trifurcated anterior cerebral artery (ACA), and just prior to this trifurcation, her left ACA was partially supplied by the left ICA, via a superior hypophyseal artery. This case is noteworthy for several reasons. First, though it is exceedingly rare to have the PICA supplied by the jugular patients with Down syndrome have significantly higher levels of moyamoya disease, and are more than 10 times as likely as the general population to have abnormalities of the Circle of Willis5 and vertebral arteries.6 Several genes on chromosome 21 are known to affect angiogenesis, namely collagen XIII/endostatin (COL18A1), DYRK1A, and Down syndrome candidate region 1 (DSCR1), possibly through inhibition of VEGF activity.7 Whether additional copies of these genes are responsible for the anomalous vascular development seen in Down syndrome, in turn predisposing to the development of moyamoya disease, could benefit from further exploration.Emotional abuse and emotional neglect are among the most prevalent of childhood maltreatment types and associated with a range of poor mental health outcomes. We need to move beyond correlational research and shift our focus to sophisticated multimodal studies to fully understand the psychobiological mechanisms underlying these associations and to intervention studies.

Precision medicines rely on companion diagnostics to identify patient subgroups eligible for receiving the pharmaceutical product. Until recently, the Belgian public health payer, RIZIV-INAMI, assessed precision medicines and companion diagnostics separately for reimbursement decisions. As both components are considered co-dependent technologies, their assessment should be conducted jointly from a health technology assessment (HTA) perspective. As of July 2019, a novel procedure was implemented accommodating for this joint assessment practice. The aim of this research was to formulate recommendations to improve the assessment in the novel procedure.

This study evaluated the precision medicine assessment reports of RIZIV-INAMI of the last 5 years under the former assessment procedure. The HTA framework for co-dependent technologies developed by Merlin et al. for the Australian healthcare system was used as a reference standard in this evaluation. Criteria were scored as either present or not present.

Thiuidelines for submission and assessment to decrease the variability of reported evidence between assessment reports.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a familial psychiatric disorder associated with frontotemporal and subcortical brain abnormalities. It is unclear whether such abnormalities are present in relatives without BD, and little is known about structural brain trajectories in those at risk.

Neuroimaging was conducted at baseline and at 2-year follow-up interval in 90 high-risk individuals with a first-degree BD relative (HR), and 56 participants with no family history of mental illness who could have non-BD diagnoses. All 146 subjects were aged 12-30 years at baseline. We examined longitudinal change in gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness, and surface area in the frontotemporal cortex and subcortical regions.

Compared to controls, HR participants showed accelerated cortical thinning and volume reduction in right lateralised frontal regions, including the inferior frontal gyrus, lateral orbitofrontal cortex, frontal pole and rostral middle frontal gyrus. Independent of time, the HR group had greater corticerences in HR individuals may be progressive in some regions and stable in others.

Maternal antenatal anxiety is very common, and despite its short- and long-term effects on both mothers and fetus outcomes, it has received less attention than it deserves in scientific research and clinical practice. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the prevalence of state anxiety in the antenatal period, and to analyze its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors.

A total of 1142 pregnant women from nine Italian healthcare centers were assessed through the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a clinical interview. Demographic and socioeconomic factors were also measured.

The prevalence of anxiety was 24.3% among pregnant women. There was a significantly higher risk of anxiety in pregnant women with low level of education (p<0.01), who are jobless (p<0.01), and who have economic problems (p<0.01). read more Furthermore, pregnant women experience higher level of anxiety when they have not planned the pregnancy (p<0.01), have a history of abortion (p<0.05), and have children living at the time of the current pregnancy (p<0.05).

There exists a significant association between maternal antenatal anxiety and economic conditions. Early evaluation of socioeconomic status of pregnant women and their families in order to identify disadvantaged situations might reduce the prevalence of antenatal anxiety and its direct and indirect costs.

There exists a significant association between maternal antenatal anxiety and economic conditions. Early evaluation of socioeconomic status of pregnant women and their families in order to identify disadvantaged situations might reduce the prevalence of antenatal anxiety and its direct and indirect costs.