Rosenbergmacias4357

The present study identified the physiological and performance characteristics that are deterministic during a maximal 1500-m time trial and in paced 1500-m time trials, with an all-out last lap.

Thirty-two trained middle-distance runners (n = 21 male, VO

72.1 ± 3.2; n = 11, female, VO

61.2 ± 3.7mL kg

min

) completed a 1500-m time trial in the fastest time possible (1500

) as well as a 1500

and 1500

trial whereby mean speed was reduced during the 0-1100m by 5% and 10%, respectively. Anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), running economy (RE), the velocity corresponding with VO

(

VO

), maximal sprint speed (MSS) and maximal accumulated oxygen deficit (MAOD) were determined during additional testing. Carnosine content was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the gastrocnemius and expressed as a Z-score to estimate muscle fibre typology.

1500

time was best explained by RE and

VO

in female runners (adjusted r

 = 0.80, P < 0.001), in addition to the 0-1100-m speed relative to

VO

in male runners (adjusted r

 = 0.72, P < 0.001). Runners with a higher gastrocnemius carnosine Z-score (i.e., higher estimated percentage of type II fibres) and greater MAOD, reduced their last lap time to a greater extent in the paced 1500-m trials. Neither ASR nor MSS was associated with last lap time in the paced trials.

These findings suggest that

VO

and RE are key determinants of 1500-m running performance with a sustained pace from the start, while a higher carnosine Z-score and MAOD are more important for last lap speed in tactical 1500-m races.

These findings suggest that VVO2 peak and RE are key determinants of 1500-m running performance with a sustained pace from the start, while a higher carnosine Z-score and MAOD are more important for last lap speed in tactical 1500-m races.

The acute effects of static stretching have been frequently studied, but the chronic effects have not been studied concurrently. Thus, this study aimed to investigate both the acute and chronic effects of static stretching at different intensities on flexibility.

Twenty-three healthy men were randomly assigned to perform 1min of static stretching 3days/week for 4weeks at 100% intensity (n = 12) or 120% intensity (n = 11). The acute effects of stretching were assessed by measuring the range of motion (ROM), peak passive torque, and passive stiffness before and after every stretching session; the chronic effects of stretching were assessed by measuring these outcomes at baseline and after 2 and 4weeks of stretching.

Compared with the 100% intensity group, the 120% intensity group had significantly greater acute increases in ROM after all 12 sessions, a significantly greater decrease in passive stiffness after 11 of 12 sessions, and a significantly greater increase in peak passive torque after six of 12 sessions. Regarding the chronic effects, ROM was significantly increased in both groups after 2 and 4weeks of stretching. Peak passive torque significantly increased in the 100% intensity group after 2 and 4weeks of stretching, and after 4weeks in the 120% intensity group.

Stretching at 120% intensity resulted in significantly greater acute improvements in ROM, peak passive torque, and stiffness than stretching at 100% intensity. Four weeks of stretching increased ROM and peak passive torque but did not decrease passive stiffness, regardless of the stretching intensity.

Stretching at 120% intensity resulted in significantly greater acute improvements in ROM, peak passive torque, and stiffness than stretching at 100% intensity. Four weeks of stretching increased ROM and peak passive torque but did not decrease passive stiffness, regardless of the stretching intensity.

We analysed the characteristics of arterial baroreflexes during the first phase of apnoea (φ1).

12 divers performed rest and exercise (30W) apnoeas (air and oxygen). We measured beat-by-beat R-to-R interval (RRi) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). Mean RRi and MAP values defined the operating point (OP) before (PRE-ss) and in the second phase (φ2) of apnoea. Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS, ms·mmHg

) was calculated with the sequence method.

In PRE-ss, BRS was (median [IQR]) at rest, 20.3 [10.0-28.6] in air and 18.8 [13.8-25.2] in O

 ; at exercise 9.2[8.4-13.2] in air and 10.1[8.4-13.6] in O

. In φ1, during MAP decrease, BRS was lower than in PRE-ss at rest (6.6 [5.3-11.4] in air and 7.7 [4.9-14.3] in O

, p < 0.05). At exercise, BRS in φ1 was 6.4 [3.9-13.1] in air and 6.7 [4.1-9.5] in O

. After attainment of minimum MAP (MAPmin), baroreflex resetting started. After attainment of minimum RRi, baroreflex sequences reappeared. In φ2, BRS at rest was 12.1 [9.6-16.2] in air, 12.9 [9.2-15.8] in O

. At exercise (no φ2 in air), it was 7.9 [5.4-10.7] in O

. In φ2, OP acts at higher MAP values.

In apnoea φ1, there is a sudden correction of MAP fall via baroreflex. The lower BRS in the earliest φ1 suggests a possible parasympathetic mechanism underpinning this reduction. After MAPmin, baroreflex resets, displacing its OP at higher MAP level; thus, resetting may not be due to central command. After resetting, restoration of BRS suggests re-establishment of vagal drive.

In apnoea φ1, there is a sudden correction of MAP fall via baroreflex. The lower BRS in the earliest φ1 suggests a possible parasympathetic mechanism underpinning this reduction. After MAPmin, baroreflex resets, displacing its OP at higher MAP level; thus, resetting may not be due to central command. After resetting, restoration of BRS suggests re-establishment of vagal drive.Childhood Electroclinical Syndrome (CES) is a term which refers to distinct epilepsies of childhood which have peculiar similarities such as the age of onset, seizure semiology, EEG and prognosis. With advancements in the diagnostics and genetics, pediatric epilepsy is entering in the age of precision medicine. Immunology inhibitor The present paper provides an update of CES in light of recent advances in the terminologies and classifications by International League Against Epilepsy and genetic underpinnings of epilepsy. The core features of CES for diagnosing and managing some common CES is presented here.