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Callosal angle (CA) and Evans index (EI) had been considered as imaging biomarkers to diagnosis normal-pressure hydrocephalus as traditional MR measurement methods.

The current study was aimed to evaluate the differential diagnostic value of CA and EI in the mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Five-hundred and two subjects were selected from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database, which included 168 normal controls (NC), 233 MCI and 101 AD patients. The structural MR images were interactively applied with multiplanar reconstruction to measure the CA and EI.

CA presented no significant difference among NC, MCI and AD groups (H value = 3.848, P value = 0.146), and EI was demonstrated the higher in MCI and AD groups than that in NC groups (P = 0.000 and 0.001, respectively). MCI group had significant larger EI (0.29±0.04) than that (0.27±0.03) in NC group in 70-75 years old sub-groups. ROC showed that the area under the curve was 0.704±0.045 for NC-MCI in 70-75 years old groups. The correlation analysis indicated that EI was significantly negatively related with MMSE scores of MCI patients (r = -0.131, P = 0.046).

EI might serve as a screening imaging biomarker for MCI in 70-75 years old, and show limited differential value for the diagnosis of AD. CA could present no diagnostic value for MCI and AD in the current study.

EI might serve as a screening imaging biomarker for MCI in 70-75 years old, and show limited differential value for the diagnosis of AD. CA could present no diagnostic value for MCI and AD in the current study.

COVID-19 has emerged recently and become of global concern. Computed tomography (CT) plays a vital role in the diagnosis.

To characterize the pulmonary CT changes and distributions of COVID-19 infection in regard to different age groups.

Chest CT scan of 104 symptomatic patients with COVID-19 infection, from 7 Iraqi isolation centers were retrospectively analyzed between March 10th and April 5th, 2020. Patients were sub-classified according to their ages to three groups (young adult20-39years, middle age40-59years and old age60- 90years).

The most common findings were ground-glass opacities (GGO) (92.3%, followed by consolidation (27.9%), bronchovascular thickening (15.4%), and crazy-paving (12.5%). Less commonly, there were tree-inbud (6.7%), pulmonary nodules (5.8%), bronchiectasis (3.8%), pleural effusion (1.9%), and cavitation (1%). There were no hallo sign, reversed hallo sign, nor mediastinal lymphadenopathy. Pulmonary changes were unilateral in 16.7% and bilateral in 83.3%, central in 14.6%, peripheral in 57.3%, and diffuse (central and peripheral) in 28.1%. Most cases showed multi-lobar changes (70.8%), while the lower lobe was more commonly involved (17.7%) than middle lobe/lingula (8.3%) and upper lobe (3.1%). In unilateral involvement, changes were more on the right (68.8%) than left (31.2%) side. Compared with middle and old age groups, young adult patients showed significantly lesser frequency of consolidation (17% vs. click here 13.3% and 37%), diffuse changes 28.1% (14.2% vs. 35.3% and 40.5%), bilateral disease (71.4% vs. 94.1% and 85.2%), and multi-lobar involvement (51.4% vs. 82.4% and 81.4%) respectively.

Bilateral and peripheral GGO were the most frequent findings with the right side and lower lobar predilection. Extent and pattern seem to be age-related.

Bilateral and peripheral GGO were the most frequent findings with the right side and lower lobar predilection. Extent and pattern seem to be age-related.

Magnetic-Resonance guided Focused Ultrasound (FUS) thalamotomy is a new and less invasive surgical technique for treating Parkinson's disease (PD). During therapy the required part of cerebral (as STN, Internal Globus Pallidus, and Ventral Intermediate Nucleus) is ablated with less possibility of infection and brain hemorrhage as normally happen in invasive procedures.

New advancement in the technique enable it for transcranial transportation of US. Now a days, US coupling with MRI confirms the accurate energy transferring and monitoring. So, MRI guided FUS lesioning is discovered for various psychiatrics and brain disorders.

A technical overview of non-invasive MRI-FUS thalamotomy to treat various tremors is described here. Research, review articles, and book chapters are extracted from online resources using related search strings from year 1994-2020.

MRgFUS is concluded a non-invasive, satisfactory and safe technique to reduce the tremor. Table 1 shows the significance of it.

MRgFUS is concluded a non-invasive, satisfactory and safe technique to reduce the tremor. Table 1 shows the significance of it.

Silent pituitary adenomas are clinically non-functional (i.e., without clinically evident pituitary hormone production).

The aim of this study was to investigate subjects with silent pituitary adenomas for possible variations in their clinical status.

A total of 102 patients who had undergone surgery for pituitary adenoma and had been diagnosed with silent pituitary adenoma was included in the study. The patients' preoperative and postoperative hormonal parameters and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features were collected, and pathological specimens were re-evaluated.

Immunohistochemistry results of the 102 patients were as follows hormone-negative adenomas (n=35) 35.5%; FSH+LH-positivity (n=32) 31.3%; ACTH-positivity (n=11) 10.7%; α-subunit- positivity (n= 9) 8.8%; prolactin-positivity (n=8) 7.8%; GH-positivity (n=6) 5.4%; and plurihormonal adenoma (n=1). The mean sizes of SGA, SGHA, and SCA were 28.0±12.7, 30.0±16.0, and 27.7±8.9mm (p>0.05), respectively. With the exception of silent gonadotropients with pituitary adenomas should consider any mild signs and symptoms of functionality, particularly in cases of GH- and ACTH-secreting adenomas.

Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD) show deposits of improperly folded modified proteins, so protein expression mechanisms are involved since early stages. Several studies evaluated epigenomics and proteomics profiles in these patients, with promising results. In general, they focused on early, specific, and minimally invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of AD and PD.

This review aimed at summarizing results to find the most reliable evidence in the field.

A PubMed search was carried out. It was limited to the last 6 years, using a combination of search terms related to AD, PD and epigenetics or proteomics.

Among epigenomics studies, most of them focused on microRNAs (miRNAs) as candidate diagnosis biomarkers for AD or PD from blood samples like miR-342-3p, miR-107, miR-106a-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-195, and miR-19b. In addition, the DNA methylation has been tested in a few works, obtaining significant differences in some genes (NCAPH2/LMF2 COASY, SPINT1, BDNFTREM1, TREM2, NPAS2, PDE4D), which could be useful for evaluating the disease progression as well as potential risk factors.