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Combination platinum-based therapy has been the standard of care for the treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). PYR-41 Immunotherapy has emerged and demonstrated to show benefit in the treatment of patients with advanced NSCLC. In this review, we discuss the pivotal trials that led to the US FDA approval of specific immunotherapy regimens in particular patient populations. We discuss the optimal use of immunotherapy as monotherapy based on the KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042 and IMpower110 trials, chemo-immunotherapy based on KEYNOTE-189, KEYNOTE-407, IMpower150 and IMpower130 trials, and as doublet immunotherapy based on CheckMate-227. We also discuss the role and limitations of PD-L1 expression and tumor mutational burden as predictive biomarkers in response to single-agent immunotherapy and combination chemoimmunotherapy. Furthermore, we discuss emerging resistance markers such as STK11 and KEAP1 mutations in immunotherapy response and briefly discuss the role of immunotherapy in elderly patients and in patients with actionable mutations.

Some patients with early stage large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) of the lung are not surgical candidates and will be managed with radiotherapy. We used the national cancer database to identify predictors of stereotactic radiotherapy and compare outcomes.

We queried national cancer database for T1-2N0 LCNEC treated with radiation. Logistic regression and Cox regression identified predictors of stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) and survival, respectively.

We identified 754 patients, with 238 (32%) treated with SABR. Predictors of SABR were distance to facility, no chemotherapy, academic center, T1 and recent year. After propensity matching, median survival was 34.7 months compared with 23.7 months in favor of SABR (p = 0.02).

SABR for LCNEC has increased over time and was associated with improved survival.

SABR for LCNEC has increased over time and was associated with improved survival.

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a reasonable therapeutic option for the treatment of

infection (CDI) recurrent and refractory (RCDI) to therapy, but little evidence on the long-term impact of this therapy is currently available in the literature. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of FMT in recurrent and refractory CDI and the modifications of the recipient's gut microbiota in the medium-long term.

This prospective study collects the clinical and laboratory data of RCDI patients treated with FMT by colonoscopy from February 2016 to October 2019. Stool samples for metagenomic analysis were collected pre-FMT at 1 week and at 6 and 12-24 months post-FMT.

In the study period, 20 FMT procedures were performed on 19 patients. Overall, FMT was effective in 85% of treated patients. No serious adverse event was recorded. In the medium- to long-term follow up, a newly diagnosed case of collagenous colitis was observed. Post-FMT, significant changes in microbiota were observed, characterised by the transition from a low- to a greater-diversity profile. Therefore, FMT restores eubiosis and maintains it over time.

FMT is a safe and effective treatment option in RCDI patients. This procedure induces profound microbiota changes that explain its high clinical efficacy.

FMT is a safe and effective treatment option in RCDI patients. This procedure induces profound microbiota changes that explain its high clinical efficacy.

The role of small bowel neoplasia (SBN) screening in asymptomatic patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) is uncertain. The aim of our study was to assess the effectiveness of screening by capsule endoscopy (CE) in these patients.

This study was an observational, analytical, and retrospective single-center study within the PRED-IdF network. All consecutive asymptomatic patients older than 35 years-old with confirmed LS and no personal history of SBN who started the screening from 2010-2015 were included. The baseline screening and 24 months follow-up were performed by CE. The CE diagnostic yield (positive tumor or polyp) and accuracy, using the follow-up as gold standard, were evaluated.

A total of 150 patients underwent the SBN screening program and 135 (52.7 ± 11.2 years-old, 37.8% male) met the inclusion criteria. The baseline CE diagnostic yield was 4.4% (3 polyps, 3 tumors) and the proximal small bowel was the most common location (

 = 4, 66.7%). In total, 87 patients underwent follow-up and the diagnostic yield was 4.6%.Four patients were considered positive at follow-up (2 adenomas, 2 adenocarcinomas). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of CE were 60%, 100%, 100%, 96.9%, and 97%, respectively.

CE is an accurate procedure for baseline screening of SBN in LS patients and may be efficient for follow-up procedures. However, the optimal starting age of screening and intervals of follow-up must be clarified.

CE is an accurate procedure for baseline screening of SBN in LS patients and may be efficient for follow-up procedures. However, the optimal starting age of screening and intervals of follow-up must be clarified.

Internet traffic may reflect the prevalence of real-world ailments. The aim of this study was to analyse queries associated with abdominal pain and to investigate seasonal frequency and trends of searches in Poland.

We analysed mean search volume from March 2015 to February 2019 of keywords associated with 'abdominal pain' in the Polish language generated from the Google Ads Planner. Keywords were categorised by location, feature or type of pain, concurrent symptoms, frequency and patient groups, etc. We compared differences in search volumes across seasons and years.

Overall, 24,673,430 queries were associated with abdominal pain in the period analysed. The number of searches associated with abdominal pain in winter increased by ~30% compared with queries searched in summer. There were significantly more searches related to abdominal pain located in the epigastric, umbilical, hypogastrium, left lumbar, left iliac and right iliac regions combined with vomiting or fever, and acute or burning sensation in cold months.