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In this study, Raman spectroscopy is employed for the characterization and comparison of two different classes of exo-polysaccharides including glucans and fructans which are produced by different bacteria. For this purpose, nine samples are used including five samples of glucans and four of fructans. Raman spectral results of all these polysaccharides show clear differences among various glucans as well as fructans showing the potential of this technique to identify the differences within the same class of the compounds. Moreover, these two classes are also compared on the basis of their Raman spectral data and can be differentiated on the basis of their unique Raman features. Multivariate data analysis techniques, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is found very helpful for the comparison of the Raman spectral data of these classes of the carbohydrates. V.Fulvic acid (FA) is a kind of organic and complex water-soluble components mainly extracted from low rank coals with small molecular weight, active physical properties (such as cation exchange capacity, pH-buffering alkalinity) and positive biological functions. However, the performance of FA varies greatly, mainly induced by its different sources of raw coals. Thus, classifying the fulvic acid obtained from different coal samples is required. According to their chemical differences, two methods are developed in this paper to distinguish the origin of coal in China in combination with chemometric tools. First, the ash content, elemental composition, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectra of sixteen fulvic acid samples from peat, lignite and weathered coal are measured and fifteen parameters are obtained from each sample. In the first Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) strategy, Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and stepwise LDA are employed to reduce variables. A discriminant function (DF) constructed only by EEt/Bz and FI is obtained, with its accuracy verified by clustering and leave-one-out cross validation (LOOCV) with an accuracy of 87.5%. In another machine learning tactics, Pearson correlation and principal component analysis (PCA) reduce the dimensions of all variables. In the end, all sixteen samples are divided into three groups by support vector machine (SVM), with an accuracy of 100%. In conclusion, based on the differences in the chemical composition of FA from different sources, the method for combining UV-Vis and fluorescence with LDA or SVM can effectively classify the coal sources of FA. The effect of ultrasonic-assisted freezing (UAF) on the water distribution of dough and molecular structure of gluten was in-situ monitored by low field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and micro-miniature Raman spectroscopy in this research. The results showed that UAF treatment increased the bound water content between 5 min and 30 min, and weakened the signal intensity of hydrogen protons due to the ultrasound enhanced heat and mass transfer during the freezing process. In-situ Raman spectra analysis indicated that UAF delayed the transition from embedded to exposure of tyrosine and tryptophan residues during the freezing process. selleck compound Meanwhile, UAF reduced the number of hydrogen bonds, gauche-gauche-gauche (g-g-g) conformation breakage, the degree of α-helix to random coil conversion and damage to the gluten network during the freezing process. UAF treatment reduced the water mobility and breakage of non-covalent bonds, which prevented a dramatic shift in the protein advanced conformation during the freezing process, thereby improving the quality of frozen dough. V.This study reports the sonochemical synthesis of samarium tungstate nanoparticles (SWNPs) for applications in electrochemical sensors. The synthesis process is based on a precipitation reaction, which was investigated by ultrasound and compared with the effect of stirring. A bath sonicator operated at a frequency and power of 37/100 kHz and ~60 W, respectively, was employed to prepare the material. The shock waves efficiently irradiated the reaction conditions as much as possible, resulting in the good crystallinity of the monoclinic phase of the SWNPs, which was confirmed by XRD analysis. The surface morphology and structural composition was further evaluated by HRTEM, EDS and XPS. The good crystallinity and uniform distribution of elements in the nanoparticles were confirmed. The performance of the SWNPs to electrochemically sense nilutamide (NLT) was studied, which revealed a good electrochemical signal. As a result, the SWNPs were applied to an electrode material for the detection of NLT. This study revealed the excellent activity of the SWNPs for NLT detection, resulting in a low detection limit (0.0026 µM) and good linear range (0.05-318 µM). Furthermore, the results show appreciable analytical performances, which could be applied to electrochemical anti-androgen drug nilutamide sensors. The use of crystal facets of photocatalysts is well known as a promising strategy for the design of new photocatalysts with interesting physicochemical features for energy production applications. In this work, Bi2MoO6 thin films were synthesized by two methods, electrodeposition and sonoelectrodeposition. Preferential growth orientation depended on synthesis method. Results suggested that sonoelectrodeposition led to dominate the crystal facet 1 0 0 growth with self-assembled nanoplate morphologies while growth orientation in the 0 1 0 facet was dominant in electrodeposition in the absence of ultrasonic waves. As a highlight result, the 1 0 0 facet shows a smaller band gap, higher photocatalytic water splitting than the 0 1 0 facet. Efficient separation of charge pairs and long life time of photogenerated electrons was observed to be intrinsic features of the 1 0 0 facets. The higher charge transfer was confirmed by a higher photocurrent from linear sweep voltammetry and a smaller Nyquist radius arc. Ultrasound plays a key role in growth orientation and led to a production of homogeneous films with nanoplates which self-assembled together to form a flower-like structure. While in the absence of ultrasound the film has coral-like structure. Highly stable sonoelectrodeposited films exhibited incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 22.4% at the specific wavelength of 500 nm. The sonoelectrodeposition method could act as a promising method for forming new films with specific crystal facet selection and developing as highly efficient photoanodes for PEC water splitting.