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Describing patterns of use, including changes in dose and interruptions is challenging. Group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) can be used to identify individuals with similar dose patterns. We provide an intuitive graphical representation of dose patterns in groups identified using GBTM. We illustrate our approach using two drugs with different combinations of available dosages.

We drew data on patients with MS followed from 1977 to 2014 in Montréal using two sub-cohorts of subjects. A sub-cohort of patients taking interferon-beta-1a and another of patients taking amitriptyline were identified from the initial cohort. We use GBTM to identify groups of patients with homogeneous dose patterns for each of the two drugs. We compared the graphical representation obtained from the fitted values of GBTM with our proposed approach, which consisted of using step functions whose values corresponded to the mode. Differences in characteristics across groups were identified using chi-squares and analysis of variance, both weighted by the posterior probability of group membership.

Seven patterns of dose were identified for interferon-beta-1a and five for amitriptyline. The graphical representations of the patterns of dose from GBTM included values outside of the prescribed doses and did not capture changes in dose as clearly as the proposed representation using step functions.

Our proposed approach which is based on the mode at each visit in each pattern provides an intuitive and realistic representation of dose patterns in groups identified with GBTM.

Our proposed approach which is based on the mode at each visit in each pattern provides an intuitive and realistic representation of dose patterns in groups identified with GBTM.Living cationic polymerization is known for a good control over chain growth yielding polymers with well-defined molar mass distributions and low dispersities. However, the practical challenges involved in the synthesis of poly(vinyl ether)s limited suitable post-polymerization modifications (PPM) via chemoselective click reactions. Herein the successful controlled cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers bearing pendant CC double and C≡C triple bonds using a single-component initiation under ambient conditions is reported. Furthermore, the PPM via thiol-ene/-yne and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition reaction of the obtained polymers is successfully realized laying the foundation for the synthesis of unprecedented functional poly(vinyl ether)s.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) has been detected in the hepatobiliary tract of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients in regions both endemic and non-endemic for Opisthorchis viverrini (OV) infection. However, whether H. pylori infection promotes CCA development remains unknown. We investigated CCA development in hamsters induced by a combination of infection with H. pylori and administration of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and compared findings with those in an OV plus NDMA group.

Eighty-five hamsters were divided into four groups (1) normal, (2) administered NDMA, (3) infected with cagA

H. pylori and administered NDMA (HN group), and (4) infected with OV and administered NDMA (ON group). Animals were euthanized at 3 and 6months post-infection. Histopathological changes of liver and the expression of markers associated with carcinogenesis were studied.

At 3months post-infection (p.i.), cholangitis and lymphoid follicles without tumor appearance were noted in the HN group, whereas extensive fibrosis was seen in members of the ON group, 10% of which had developed tumors. At 6months p.i., 10% of hamsters administered NDMA alone had developed CCA, whereas in the HN and ON groups, 20% and 60% of hamsters, respectively, had developed CCA. Cytokeratin-19 (CK19) expression was observed in the CCA tissues of both the HN and the ON groups, confirming the bile duct origin of the CCA cells. CCA development in the HN group might be inflammation-mediated, as suggested by overexpression of HMGB1, PCNA, IL-8, and 8-OxodG in CCA tissues.

cagA

H. pylori infection and carcinogen intake can induce CCA development with slow progression.

cagA+ H. pylori infection and carcinogen intake can induce CCA development with slow progression.Wetlands are among the natural ecosystems with the highest soil carbon stocks on Earth. However, how anthropogenic disturbances have impacted the quantity and distribution of wetland carbon pool in China is not well understood. Halofuginone molecular weight Here we used a comprehensive countrywide wetland inventory and Landsat 8 data to document the spatial patterns in China's wetland areas and carbon pools and to understand the underlying causes of their changes from the 1980s to 2010s. We found that the wetland area and carbon pool have decreased from 4.11 × 105 km2 and 15.2 Pg C in the 1980s to 2.14 × 105 km2 and 7.6 Pg C in the 2010s, respectively. Using the human influence index (HII) as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic disturbance intensity, we found a positive relationship between the HII values and wetland decreases in many regions and across China as a whole-which have increased 17% during the time period-indicating that anthropogenic disturbances have been a major factor causing wetland destruction in recent decades. This study provides new evidence for recent changes in China's wetland carbon pool and emphasizes the importance of mitigating anthropogenic disturbances for wetland conservation.1,1'-Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) provides a platform to generate high molecular weight polyurethanes from industrially relevant diols and diamines. CDI, which is described in the literature for its use in amidation and functionalization reactions, enables the production of well-defined and stable polyurethane precursors, thus eliminating the need for isocyanates. Herein, the functionalization of 1,4-butanediol with CDI yields an electrophilic biscarbamate, bis-carbonylimidazolide (BCI), which is suitable for further step-growth polymerization in the presence of amines. Elevated reaction temperatures enable the solvent-, catalyst-, and isocyanate-free polycondensation reaction between the BCI monomer and various diamines. The thermoplastic polyurethanes produced from this reaction demonstrate high thermal stability, tunable glass transition temperatures based on incorporation of flexible polyether segments, and mechanically ductile thin films. CDI functionalized diols will allow the preparation of diverse polyurethanes without the use of isocyanate-containing monomers.