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tify gaps in our understanding of sponge ecology globally. By so doing, we identified key areas for future research on sponge ecology. We hope that our study will help sponge researchers to consider bioregion-specific features of sponge assemblages and key sponge-mediated ecological processes from a global perspective.Intellectual disability (ID) is a condition that affects approximately 1% of the population (Maulik et al, 2011). The numbers may differ across nations, owing to different systems and diagnosis entries or lack of such, but usually range between 0.6 and 3% (Stromme & Valvatne, 1998). Persons with ID are a heterogeneous group with different diagnoses and different levels of intellectual ability. These range from profound (IQ less then 20) and serious ID (IQ 20-34) to moderate (IQ 35-49) and light ID (IQ 50-69); this roughly translates into the intellectual capacity of children between 3-12 years of age. More than 75% of persons with ID have the mild form and their intellectual capacity and potential may be underestimated in some cases if IQ is the only diagnostic criteria. However, the range in itself is an important factor to take into account when addressing nutrition and health issues. It is further important to recognize that ID is also a feature of several rare disorders, and many disorders not yet identified, adding to the complexity of this group.

Self-awareness of skill, essential for progression as a surgeon, has direct bearing on postresidency practice; however, studies have supported that residents achieve self-perceived competence later than believed by program directors. This study compares residents' self-perception of operative competency to attending surgeon's evaluation using Computer Enhanced Visual Learning, a validated online hemithyroidectomy-specific assessment tool.

Eleven otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (HNS) residents completed a preoperative module and postoperative survey, later reviewed by an attending surgeon. Eighty-three performances were assessed for inter-rater reliabilities of key surgical steps.

Almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.81-1.00) was shown in 11 of 18 parameters. see more Substantial agreement (Kappa = 0.61-0.80) was demonstrated in the remaining seven parameters.

Otolaryngology-HNS trainees have high self-awareness of their performance at each step in a hemithyroidectomy. Standardized assessment tools can allow for documentation of procedural performance and serve as guides for improvement. This is the only study to examine otolaryngology-HNS trainees' self-perceived skill compared to an attending surgeon's assessment for hemithyroidectomy.

Otolaryngology-HNS trainees have high self-awareness of their performance at each step in a hemithyroidectomy. Standardized assessment tools can allow for documentation of procedural performance and serve as guides for improvement. This is the only study to examine otolaryngology-HNS trainees' self-perceived skill compared to an attending surgeon's assessment for hemithyroidectomy.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an emerging disease in the pediatric population. The association between T2DM and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been described. Recent evidence suggests that sizes and composition of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) may be more important that HDL-C levels in predicting coronary heart disease. There is not data regarding the HDL subclasses distribution and composition in T2DM youths with NAFLD.

This cross-sectional study included 47 adolescents with T2DM and 23 non-diabetic controls of both sexes aged 10 to 18 years. The presence of NAFLD was determined estimated proton density fat fraction (PDFF) by magnetic resonance by spectroscopy. We compared the HDL subclasses distribution (HDL2b, HDL2a, HDL3a HDL3b and HDL3c) and the HDL chemical composition (total protein, triglyceride, phospholipid, cholesteryl esters, and free cholesterol) between the groups of adolescents with T2DM and the control group.

Patients with T2DM and NAFLD had a significantly lower proportion HDL2b (P = .040) and a higher proportion of HDL3c (P = .035); higher proportion of TG (P = .032) and a lower CE (P = .002) and FC (P < .001). A negative association was observed between PDFF and the percentages of HDL2b (r

= -0.341, P = .004) and the average particle size (r

= -0.327, P = .05), and a positive association with HDL3c subpopulations (r

= 0.327, P = .015); about composition inside HDL particle, a positive association with PDFF and the TG (r

= 0.299, P = .013) and negative with CE (r

= -0.265, P = .030).

In adolescents diagnosed with T2DM, the presence of NAFLD is associated with abnormalities in the distribution of HDL subpopulations and the lipid composition of HDL particles.

In adolescents diagnosed with T2DM, the presence of NAFLD is associated with abnormalities in the distribution of HDL subpopulations and the lipid composition of HDL particles.This study attempted to investigate the behavior of 24-hour central ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) in adolescents and young adults. Adolescents and young adults (age 10-25 years) referred for elevated blood pressure (BP) and healthy volunteers had simultaneous 24-hour peripheral (brachial) and central (aortic) ABP monitoring using the same automated upper-arm cuff device (Mobil-O-Graph 24h PWA). Central BP was calculated by the device using two different calibration methods (C1SBP using peripheral systolic (pSBP)/diastolic BP and C2SBP using mean arterial/diastolic BP). A total of 136 participants (age 17.9 ± 4.7 years, 54% adolescents, 77% males, 25% volunteers, 34% with elevated peripheral ABP) were analyzed. Twenty-four-hour pSBP was higher than C1SBP, with this difference being more pronounced during daytime than nighttime (16.3 ± 4.5 and 10.5 ± 3.2 mm Hg, respectively, P less then .001). Younger age, higher body height, and male gender were associated with greater systolic ABP amplification (pSBP-C1SBP difference). C1SBP followed the variation pattern of pSBP, yet with smaller nighttime dip (8.4 ± 6.0% vs 11.9 ± 4.6%, P less then .001), whereas C2SBP increased (2.4 ± 7.2%) during nighttime sleep (P less then .001 for comparison with pSBP change). Older age remained independent determinant of larger nighttime BP fall for pSBP and C1SBP, whereas male gender predicted a larger nighttime C2SBP rise. These data suggest that the calibration method of the BP monitor considerably influences the diurnal variation in central BP, showing a lesser nocturnal dip than pSBP or even nocturnal BP rise, which are determined by the individual's age and gender.