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However, the HD rats had a body fat percentage and exhibited increased level of the biochemical markers. Furthermore, the animals in the HD group presented increased immobility time in the forced swimming test, as well as reduced response to plus-maze test suggesting a depression- and anxiety-like emotional state. In addition, the HD group also showed lower BDNF expression levels in the hippocampus. This study demonstrates that a hypercaloric diet induced increase in adipose tissue concentration in young rats was associated with reduced hippocampal BDNF expression and resulted in an increase in depression- and anxiety-like behaviors. Graphical abstract.

Computed Tomography (CT) reports vary in qualitative detail and may not capture the information required for the preoperative planning of ventral hernia repairs. The goals of this study were to first survey general and hernia surgeons to establish key hernia imaging characteristics that should be included on CT reports and secondly, to retrospectively review preoperative CTs to determine the percentage that these same imaging characteristics are being reported.

General and hernia surgeons were surveyed and asked to rank important hernia imaging factors as determined by two academic hernia surgeons on a Likert scoring scale. Additionally, preoperative abdominal/pelvic CT reports of patients who underwent a ventral hernia repair at a single academic institution were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of these imaging factors.

Fifty-one general and hernia surgeons responded to the survey. The most important imaging findings as determined by survey respondents were size of the hernia defect and presence of previous mesh. Additionally, 61% of respondents felt that the imaging report was less important than their own personal CT interpretation. Of the 257 preoperative CT reports reviewed, the number of defects was the most commonly reported factor (100%). The size of the defect and the presence of prior mesh was only included on 38% and 15% of reports, respectively.

CT reports vary in their reported imaging findings and often fail to include important preoperative hernia features. Future studies should aim to standardize imaging reports to better utilize CTs for the preoperative planning of abdominal wall reconstructions.

CT reports vary in their reported imaging findings and often fail to include important preoperative hernia features. Future studies should aim to standardize imaging reports to better utilize CTs for the preoperative planning of abdominal wall reconstructions.

The mechanisms underlying the relative age effect (RAE), a biased distribution of birth dates, in sport events have been investigated for more than two decades. The present study comprised an historical analysis involving the most recent quarter-century (1993-2018) on RAEs among Japanese male professional athletes (soccer, baseball, basketball, and volleyball) to clarify how the RAEs changed over time.

Birth data were obtained from 7805 Japanese male professional athletes registered in 1993, 2001, 2010, and 2018. The athletes were divided into four groups based on their month of birth quartiles Q1 (April-June), Q2 (July-September), Q3 (October-December), and Q4 (January-March of the following year). In addition, based on the data in 1993 for soccer and baseball and in 2010 for basketball and volleyball, the expected numbers of players were calculated in 2001, 2010, and 2018 for soccer and baseball, and 2018 for basketball and volleyball.

Significant RAEs were observed among soccer and baseball players in 1993, 2001, 2010, and 2018, and strong tendencies of RAEs were found among basketball and volleyball players in 2010 and 2018. The magnitudes of the RAEs in soccer, baseball, and volleyball decreased over time, but not in basketball.

The exact reasons for the decreasing or unchanging RAEs among these professional players remain unclear, but socio-cultural factors, such as low birthrates and the popularity of sports in Japan, might be related to the changing RAEs.

The exact reasons for the decreasing or unchanging RAEs among these professional players remain unclear, but socio-cultural factors, such as low birthrates and the popularity of sports in Japan, might be related to the changing RAEs.Our aims were to assess performance of duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte counting for diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori (H. see more pylori) gastritis, and effects of eradication therapy on intraepithelial lymphocytosis. Paired duodenal and gastric biopsies from subjects with a pathologic diagnosis of H. pylori gastritis were reviewed. Higher duodenal intraepithelial lymphocyte counts were observed in 40 subjects with H. pylori gastritis (26 ± 5 per villus) than 52 subjects negative for H. pylori (12 ± 2 per villus). After successful eradication therapy, duodenal lymphocytes were indistinguishable from H. pylori-negative subjects, whereas they remained elevated after failed eradication therapy. This study confirms previous reports of increased duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytes in patients with concurrent Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts of > 15 per villus or > 10 per 100 enterocytes were predictive of infection. Duodenal lymphocytosis decreases significantly after successful eradication therapy but remains elevated when treatment fails.Herein, we describe the first cases of neuroendocrine (NE) phenotype mammary carcinomas in which the NE nature of the tumors was confirmed only by insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), without expressions of traditional "gold standard" NE indicators. This is also the first analysis to use INSM1, a promising antibody with high sensitivity and specificity, in the field of breast oncology. Three patients were, respectively, 42-, 58-, and 64-year-old Japanese women with breast tumors showing characteristic NE morphologies. Immunohistochemically, these malignancies revealed diffuse nuclear expressions of INSM1, whereas chromogranin A and synaptophysin did not show distinct NE features in their cytoplasm. Based on the identification of INSM1 as well as our present immunohistochemical results, the frequency of detecting NE differentiation in systemic neoplasms, including breast NE phenotype cancers, is anticipated to increase such that, ultimately, our observations might contribute to the development of novel treatments including molecular targeted drugs for these tumor entities.