Clancymckinnon5565

INTRODUCTION The emergence of new antimicrobial-resistant strains among Staphylococcus aureus such as vancomycin-resistant and their likely genetic variation has become a major concern worldwide. The study intended to compare the biofilm formation and the presence of genes encoding adhesion molecules in methicillin-susceptible, community- and hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. METHODOLOGY This study was conducted on 60 S.aureus strains, collected at Urmia University of medical sciences- Iran, during 2014 and 2015. The modified Congo-red agar and Microtiter plate methods were used for the determination of biofilm production. The presence of 10 genes related to a protein family of staphylococcal microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules was detected using PCR. RESULTS Of 60 strains, 57 (95%) were biofilm producer. Molecular characterization revealed that the most prevalent genes were eno (53[88.3%]) followed by icaD (50[85%]) genes, while the least frequent gene was bbp (5%). The dominant virulotype with the eight genes (icaA, icaD, clfA, clfB, fnbA, cna, eno, ebpS), was observed in eight strains, of which six strains were community-acquired-MRSAs. RK-701 GLP inhibitor CONCLUSION A high percentage of studied Staphylococcus aureus strains could form a biofilm, which is more considerable among methicillin-susceptible strains. The high presence of eno and icaD genes suggests that these genes may act synergistically in the onset and progression of bacterial colonization and biofilm formation. Meanwhile, this ability may help the bacteria to resist the exposure of antibacterial agents and cause severe infections. V.While medical and recreational cannabis use is becoming more frequent among older adults, the neurocognitive consequences of cannabis use in this age group are unclear. The aim of this literature review was to synthesize and evaluate the current knowledge on the association of cannabis use during older-adulthood with cognitive function and brain aging. We reviewed the literature from old animal models and human studies, focusing on the link between use of cannabis in middle- and old-age and cognition. The report highlights the gap in knowledge on cannabis use in late-life and cognitive health, and discusses the limited findings in the context of substantial changes in attitudes and policies. Furthermore, we outline possible theoretical mechanisms and propose recommendations for future research. The limited evidence on this important topic suggests that use in older ages may not be linked with poorer cognitive performance, thus detrimental effects of early-life cannabis use may not translate to use in older ages. Rather, use in old ages may be associated with improved brain health, in accordance with the known neuroprotective properties of several cannabinoids. Yet, firm conclusions cannot be drawn from the current evidence-base due to lack of research with strong methodological designs. Aging is a modifiable risk factor for most chronic diseases and an inevitable process in humans. The development of pharmacological interventions aimed at delaying or preventing the onset of chronic conditions and other age-related diseases has been at the forefront of the aging field. Preclinical findings have demonstrated that species, sex and strain confer significant heterogeneity on reaching the desired health- and lifespan-promoting pharmacological responses in model organisms. Translating the safety and efficacy of these interventions to humans and the lack of reliable biomarkers that serve as predictors of health outcomes remain a challenge. Here, we will survey current pharmacological interventions that promote lifespan extension and/or increased healthspan in animals and humans, and review the various anti-aging interventions selected for inclusion in the NIA's Interventions Testing Program as well as the ClinicalTrials.gov database that target aging or age-related diseases in humans. Calorie restriction (CR) is a potent modulator of longevity in multiple species. A growing body of evidence shows that sustained periods of CR without malnutrition improves risk factors involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders in humans. Innovative dietary strategies such as intermittent fasting and protein restriction have recently emerged as alternative approaches that improve markers of aging. Some of these newer strategies might provide benefits for healthy aging with little to no CR and therefore, compared to traditional CR, may be easier to follow. Further to providing an update of CR studies in humans, the present narrative review appraises the influence of these contemporary dietary strategies on mechanisms posited to drive CR-induced longevity in humans, including those involving energy metabolism, oxidative damage, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and functional changes in the neuroendocrine systems. The review also discusses the utilization of these diets for populations in the current obesogenic environment, and comments on whether current research can inform an optimal diet that attenuates aging, can be easily followed, and promises to improve longevity in humans. Despite a conserved set of core mitochondrial functions, animal mitochondrial proteomes show a large variation in size. We analyzed putative mechanisms behind and functional significance of this variation by performing comparative analysis of the experimentally-verified mitochondrial proteomes of four bilaterian animals (human, mouse, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Drosophila melanogaster) and two non-animal outgroups (Acanthamoeba castellanii and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). We found that of several factors affecting mitochondrial proteome size, evolution of novel mitochondrial proteins in mammals and loss of ancestral proteins in protostomes were the main contributors. Interestingly, the gain and loss of the N-terminal mitochondrial targeting signal was not a major factor in the proteome size evolution. Normal aging is associated with declines in sensorimotor function. Previous studies have linked age-related behavioral declines to decreases in neural differentiation (i.e., dedifferentiation), including decreases in the distinctiveness of neural activation patterns and in the segregation of large-scale neural networks at rest. However, no studies to date have explored the relationship between these two neural measures and whether they explain the same aspects of behavior. To investigate these issues, we collected a battery of sensorimotor behavioral measures in older and younger adults and estimated (a) the distinctiveness of neural representations in sensorimotor cortex and (b) sensorimotor network segregation in the same participants. Consistent with prior findings, sensorimotor representations were less distinct and sensorimotor resting state networks were less segregated in older compared to younger adults. We also found that participants with the most distinct sensorimotor representations exhibited the most segregated sensorimotor networks.