Sampsonipsen4350

Childhood abuse and neglect increase the risk for psychiatric disorders (e.g., depression and anxiety) during adulthood and have been associated with deficits in cognitive control. The specific mechanisms underlying these cognitive control deficits are still unknown.

This study examined the expectation for reward to improve inhibitory control in young women (ages 18-35 years) with a history of childhood sexual and/or physical abuse (AG, N=28), childhood emotional and/or physical neglect (NG, N=30), or unaffected comparison women (HC, N=40). They completed a previously validated rewarded (color-word) Stroop task and filled out questionnaires on depression, anxiety, and resilience.

Surprisingly, a significant group by reward interaction revealed larger performance benefits under reward prospect (relative to no-reward) for the AG group relative to both the NG and HC groups.

A small sample size limiting generalizability.

These results demonstrate sensitivity of abused subjects to reward in modulating cognitive control and might aid in discussing whether using reward schedules during therapeutic interventions could be effective.

These results demonstrate sensitivity of abused subjects to reward in modulating cognitive control and might aid in discussing whether using reward schedules during therapeutic interventions could be effective.The innate immune system is critical to proper host defense against fungal pathogens, which is highlighted by increased susceptibility to invasive disease in immunocompromised patients. Innate cells (e.g. macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, eosinophils) are equipped with intricate cell machinery to detect invading fungi and facilitate fungal killing, recruit additional immune cells, and direct the adaptive immune system responses. Understanding the mechanisms that govern a protective response will enable the development of novel treatment strategies. This review focuses on recent insights of signaling and regulation of C-type lectin receptors and their effector mechanisms enabling an effective host antifungal immunity.

rumination has been reported as a cognitive vulnerability factor in adolescent and adult depression. The present brief review aimed at summarizing the results of the genetic studies that investigate the candidate genes for rumination in children and adolescents.

bibliographic research was conducted on PubMed and Science Direct from their inception to February 2020. The search terms used were 'rumination, ruminative thinking, repetitive thinking and 'gene, gen*'.

eight studies were identified. Results suggest that variations in the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF genes may contribute to the tendency to ruminate, modelling the relationship between life stress and rumination.

the interpretation of these results is limited by the sample sizes of the selected studies, the study designs, and the heterogeneity of the instruments assessing rumination.

these findings partially support the notion that variation in in the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF genes is associated with biological sensitivity to rumination.

these findings partially support the notion that variation in in the 5-HTTLPR and BDNF genes is associated with biological sensitivity to rumination.

The clinical and epidemiological features of bipolar disorder (BD) between females and males have many differences. The association between brain function and gender in BD is unknown. This research aimed to investigate the association between brain function and gender in BD by using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFFs).

Ninety-eight patients (49 females and 49 males) with BD and 171 matched healthy controls (HCs, 89 females and 82 males) were recruited for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. ALFF was used to estimate brain function.

A main effect of diagnosis in ALFF was observed in the dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), ventral prefrontal cortex (VPFC), caudate and occipital lobe. Tanespimycin A main effect of gender in ALFF was found in the right VPFC, DLPFC, thalamus, and occipital lobe. A main effect of diagnosis gender interaction in ALFF was observed in the left DLPFC. Analyses of two-sample t-test indicated that male patients with BD had increased ALFF in the right hippocampus, right amygdala, left caudate, and left DLPFC, and decreased ALFF in the occipital lobe compared with male HC. Female patients with BD demonstrated increased ALFF in the right VPFC and right DLPFC compared with female HC. Male patients with BD exhibited increased ALFF in the right VPFC and left DLPFC and decreased ALFF in the occipital lobe compared with female patients with BD.

This study did not consider the effect of medications and emotional states on brain activity.

Results suggested gender differences in the dysfunctions of the cortico-limbic neural system in BD.

Results suggested gender differences in the dysfunctions of the cortico-limbic neural system in BD.

Young people with mental disorders present with diverse social, vocational, physical, and developmental needs. However, multifaceted interventions are rare. We examine the effectiveness of a clinical trial targeting social participation and physical well-being in young people accessing clinical services.

The 'Youth Early-intervention Study' ('YES') was an unblinded, two-phase, pilot randomized controlled trial offered as an adjunct to standard clinical care, consisting of group activities. Mixed effects models were used to examine functional outcomes over time measured by the 'Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale', 'Functioning Assessment Short Test', and 'Brief Disability Questionnaire' (items 7 and 8).

133 participants aged 14-25 were recruited. 87 participants completed both arms and 83 participants completed a 12-month post-trial assessment. Functioning improved across all outcomes. While diagnoses differed in functioning at baseline (lower functioning in psychotic and bipolar disordarly intervention service sites.When asked to compare two stimuli, participants are on average faster to respond Same than Different, an effect coined the fast-same. The dual-process theory argues that information about similarity is processed in priority over any other type of information, causing the fast-same effect. We tested this serial architecture of cognitive processes using a double factorial paradigm, suitable for a Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) analysis. Twenty participants completed a task in which they compared two letters, which were varied on two dimensions the similarity and the clarity of the letters. Their task was to indicate if the second letter was the Same as the second letter (ranging from identical and clear to similar and slightly blurry) or if it was Different (if the stimuli were either dissimilar or very blurry). The SFT results show that most participants processed the information in serial, but in a mixed order. In other words, for some trials, participants processed similarity first, and for some other trials, they processed clarity first.