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Locally, this type is associated with a moderate planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) of ~860 m and a stronger warm anomaly within the boundary layer than the upper level. We also notice a non-linear relationship between surface ozone concentration and the PBLH, i.e., ozone concentration first increases with PBLH till ~0.9 km, and then remains stable. This initial increase may relate to enhanced mixing with upper levels where ozone concentration is typically higher than that near the surface. However, when PBLH further increases, this downward mixing effect is balanced with the stronger upward turbulent mixing so that surface ozone shows little change. The synoptic patterns identified here, however, is unlikely responsible for the observed increasing trend in ozone concentration over the NCP region. Our study sheds light on the meteorological contribution to surface ozone pollution in North China and provides a reference for the pollution control and prediction.A continuous peat sequence collected in the southern Altai Mountains provides a new opportunity to reconstruct the Holocene vegetation and moisture history in the Arid Central Asia. Based on pollen data of 190 samples with a chronologic support of eight AMS dates from a 380-cm core at Tuolehaite (TLHT) Peat, the Holocene moisture variations in the southern Altai Mountains of China were reconstructed. The reconstruction revealed a wet early Holocene (~10,600-~8500cal. yr BP), a considerably dry middle Holocene (~8500-~4000 cal. yr BP) and a resumed wet late Holocene (~4000-0 cal. yr BP). The Holocene moisture reconstruction is generally corroborated by other reviewed sequences from the southern Altai Mountains and the surrounding areas. According to the analysis of modern sources of precipatable water vapor for the southern Altai Mountains, the Holocene moisture variations in the southern Altai Mountains were proposed to have been causally associated with the variations in the sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic Ocean and also with the variations in the strength of Siberian High Pressure in the core of the Eurasian continent.A geophysical survey conducted in the remote forest glade, located in the Izery Mountains (SW Poland), revealed the existence of an anthropogenic layer of historical glass wastes dumped in this area during the activity of a glass factory in the 18th and 19th centuries and domestic wastes dumped during the second part of the 20th century. The aim of the study was assessment of potential ecological risk related to the release of potentially toxic elements to the soil, groundwater and surface waters. The assessment was done on the base of classical geochemical analysis supported by calculation of environmental indices as well as on mobility of elements (leaching test and BCR sequential extraction). this website As an innovative aspect in the geostatistical interpretation of the data, some magnetic parameters (magnetic susceptibility-χ, χ/Fe ratio) were also used. It allowed for a better understanding of the relationship of PTEs with various forms of iron. The BCR sequential extraction found that among the PTEs, only Zn (up to 43%) was in a potentially mobile fraction probably occurring in ionic form, associated with iron oxides only by surface adsorption forces. The leaching has shown a slight increase in Zn and Cu content in the surface waters; however, it was not considered to be a real ecological threat because the pH of the waste material and soil cover is >6.0 and the scenario of a radical decrease in pH is rather unrealistic. The other PTEs were associated with more stable E2, E3 and E4 fractions. Zinc, similar to Ni, Co and Cu in waste samples, was highly correlated with magnetic parameters (χ and χ/Fe). It means that a considerable part of these metals was associated with ferrimagnetic iron oxides, although they can also occur in the form of inclusions in aluminosilicates and enclosed in glassy phases.The climatic characteristics of solar Ultraviolet radiation (UV) are of vital important for the climate change and photochemical reactions. High-quality records of solar UV radiation are the premise for solar UV researches and applications, but solar UV radiation observations are sparse around the world. Among all wavelength of UV radiations, only UVA (0.315-0.400 nm) and UVB (0.280-0.315 nm) could reach the earth surface. This study attempted to develop a novel efficient physically broadband parameterization (hereafter, FASTUV) for estimating surface solar UV radiation (0.280-0.400 μm) in all-sky conditions based on Leckner's spectral model for calculating shortwave solar radiation, using MERRA_2 reanalysis data. The Quadratic polynomial formula and artificial neural networks were used to calculate the cloud transmittance for UV, using sunshine durations measurements at 2474 CMA stations. The surface solar UV radiation measurements at 29 CERN (The Chinese Ecosystem Research Network) stations were used for validating the estimated UV values. The result showed the FASTUV model could be used for estimating UV values with high accuracy, strong robustness and fast speed. Then, the spatial and temporal variation of surface solar UV radiation in China were revealed. The result indicated that the Qinghai Tibetan Plateau and the Palmier Plateau has always been the areas with highest UV values, while the Northeastern China is the area with the lowest UV values. Meanwhile, the FASTUV model have been packaged into a software namely 'FASTUV_V1.0'. We provide the executable file of FASTUV model in publicly available repository https//doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11409666.The objective of this study was to investigate whether cotton mask worn by respiratory infection person could suppress respiratory droplet levels compared to medical mask. We recruited adult volunteers with confirmed influenza and suspected cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to wear medical masks and self-designed triple-layer cotton masks in a regular bedroom and a car with air conditioning. Four 1-hour repeated measurements (two measurements for bedroom the others for car) of particles with a size range of 20-1000 nm measured by number concentrations (NC0.02-1), temperature and relatively humidity, and cough/sneeze counts per hour were conducted for each volunteer. The paired t-tests were used for within-group comparisons in a bedroom and in a car. The results showed that there was no significant difference in NC0.02-1 or cough/sneeze counts between volunteers with medical masks and cotton masks in a bedroom or a car. We concluded that the cotton mask could be a potential substitute for medical mask for respiratory infection person in microenvironment with air conditioning.