Abdibranch2065

parapsilosis was the most common species contributing to 29.2% (343/1175) of candidemia, followed by C. albicans 20.1% (236/1175), C. tropicalis 18.7% (220/1175), C. glabrata 6.0% (71/1175), C. guilliermondii 3.7% (43/1175), C. rugosa 1.9% (22/1175), C. famata 1.7% (20/1175), C. krusei 1.4% (16/1175), C. dubliniensis 0.8% (9/1175), C. lusitaniae 0.7% (8/1175), C. lipolytica 0.3% (4/1175), C. pelliculosa 0.3% (4/1175), C. haemulonii, C. kefyr, C. utilis and C. inconspicua (1/1175 each). In addition, 14.9% (175/1175) belonged to Candida spp. which were not identified to species level. In conclusion, a different scenario for the proportion of Candida species with C. parapsilosis predominates over C. albicans as a nosocomial pathogen leading to candidemia has been shown in this study.Indigenous chicken (Gallus domesticus) is reared for both its meat and eggs. Most consumers prefer the meat probably due to its specific texture and taste. The study was conducted to determine the presence of helminth parasites of 240 indigenous chickens (Gallus domesticus) obtained randomly from 12 divisions in Penang Island, Malaysia. Necropsy findings revealed 14 endoparasite species which parasitized these chickens namely, Acuaria hamulosa, Acuaria spiralis, Amoebotaenia sphenoides, Ascaridia galli, Brachylaima sp., Capillaria spp., Gongylonema ingluvicola, Heterakis gallinarum, Hymenolepis sp., Oxyspirura mansoni, Raillietina echinobothrida, Raillietina tetragona, Syngamus trachea and Tetrameres americana. The high abundance of helminth species observed in this study may be attributed to the free-range scavenging production system, where these indigenous chickens were exposed to intermediate or paratenic hosts of helminths which infect poultry. Besides, sustainable methods of helminthic control measure are necessary in order to enhance indigenous chicken production and eventually improve the economy of the rural farmers.This study was carried out to determine from bacterial profiling to the bacterial profiles of head lice among the Orang Asli communities. The head lice were collected from Orang Asli community volunteers. The surface sterilized head lice pools were subjected to genomic DNA extraction while next generation sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Six female and three male head lice identified as Pediculus humanus capitis were collected. read more A total of 111 368 number of NGS sequencing reads were recorded while another 223 bacterial taxa sequences were obtained. Symbiotic bacteria showed the highest number of reads, with Arsenophonus and Rhodococcus sequences being the most abundant genera in the female and male samples, respectively. The female head lice contained a more distinct microbial diversity. Amongst the pathogenic bacterial species sequences noted were the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Haemophilus influenzae, Bordetella pertussis and Acinetobacter baumannii. The 16S rRNA genome sequencing revealed a number of rare and pathogenic bacterial species within the head lice of the Orang Asli. The socio-economic practices of the community which involved forest foraging and hunting, and their poor living conditions potentially facilitated the transmission of zoonotic bacterial pathogens, including those found within the head lice. Hence, there is the possibility that the head lice could serve as vectors for the transmission of pathogenic bacteria. This study highlighted the diverse microbial community found within the head lice's gut of the Orang Asli, with the detection of multiple rare and pathogenic bacteria capable of causing severe infections.Sudanese mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) is a rare clinical form of leishmaniasis and characterized by persistent ulcer of the oral and/or the nasal mucous membranes caused by Leishmania donovani. No data is available about the systemic and local immune responses in mucosal leishmaniasis. This study aimed to measure the systemic and the local cytokines responses of Sudanese ML patients compared to cured cutaneous leishmaniasis patients (Leishmanin skin test positive, LST+ve) and unexposed healthy controls (Leishmanin skin test negative, LST-ve). Six parasitological confirmed ML patients, 7 LST+ve, and 6 LST-ve were enrolled. Systemic Th-1 (IFN-γ and TNF-α), Th-2 (IL-10 and IL-13), Treg (TGF-β1), and inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 concentration were measured in the supernatant of whole blood samples following stimulation with live L. donovani promastigotes using ELISA. Local intralesion IL-10, IFN-γ, and IL-13 expression was measured using Real Time PCR. A significant high concentrations of IFN-γ, TNFα, IL-10, TGFβ, IL-6, and IL-8 were detected in the supernatant of stimulated whole blood samples of ML patients compared with the LST+ve and LST-ve controls. Using Real Time-PCR and primers for various cytokines, a significant high expression of TH2 cytokines IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA was detected in contrast to a low TH1 cytokine IFN-γ mRNA in the mucosal lesion. There is a clear dichotomy in the cytokine response during Mucosal leishmaniasis. A significantly high TH1, inflammatory and Treg cytokines response is produced systemically, in contrast to a significant high TH2 cytokines response in the mucosal lesion.To evaluate the inhibitory effects of drugs on the growth of Babesia gibsoni, relative quantification real-time PCR method was developed in this study. The 18S rRNA gene was used as a target gene for the 2-ΔΔCt method analysis. Additionally, chicken RNA was added to the parasitized blood before total RNA extraction. The chicken β-actin gene was selected as an internal control gene for the 2-ΔΔCt method analysis. The 100 µL parasitized blood samples with different percentages of parasitized erythrocytes (PPEs) (3%, 1.5%, 0.75%, 0.375% and 0.1875%) were prepared for relative quantification of B. gibsoni. Regression analysis results revealed significant linear relationships between the relative quantification value and parasitemia. 18S rRNA gene expression was significantly decreased after treatment with diminazene aceturate and artesunate in vitro drug sensitivity test. This result suggested that this relative quantification real-time PCR method can be used to evaluate the effects of drug inhibition.