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Copyright © 2020 Bikila Wedajo Lemi.Background Red cell Rhesus (Rh) antigen expression is influenced by the genetic polymorphism of RHD and RHCE genes and reveals serologically different reactions of RhD variants such as partial D, weak D, and Rh-Del. Serologically, Rh-Del type can only be detected by an adsorption-elution technique, and it might be mistyped as Rh-negative. The prevalence of Rh-Del has not been reported yet in Myanmar. Method A total of 222 Rh-negative blood donors in the National Blood Center were tested for weak D and Rh-Del by indirect antihuman globulin and adsorption-elution method, respectively. RhCE typing was performed among Rh-negative and Rh-Del. Results Of them, 75.2% (167/222) were Rh-negative, 15.8% (35/222) were Rh-Del, and 9% (20/222) were weak D. Of 202 blood donors (167 true Rh-negative and 35 Rh-Del), all of the Rh-Del positives were C-antigen-positive with 94.3% Ccee phenotype (33/35) and 5.7% CCee (2/35). Most of the Rh-negative donors (80.2%) were ccee phenotype (134/167). Conclusion About half of Rh-Del subjects were repeated donors, and attention was needed to avoid transfusion of truly Rh-negative patients to prevent alloimmunization. It is recommended to do Rh-Del typing of Rh-negative donors who are C-antigen-positive and consider moving them to the Rh-positive pool. Further study is needed to clarify the alloimmunization status for transfusion of Rh-Del blood to Rh-negative recipients. Molecular markers for RhD-negative and D variants should be established in the Myanmar population to improve selection of antisera for Rh typing and enhance safety of the transfusion services. Copyright © 2020 Saw Thu Wah et al.Membranes that aid the guided bone regeneration (GBR) process have been the subject of studies of compatible biomaterials that contribute to this repair process. The present study compared different membranes used in critical-size defects of rat calvaria by assessing GBR as well as histological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical reactions. Forty-eight male albino Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n = 12 each), namely, C membrane-free control group (only blood clot, negative control group); BG porcine collagen membrane group (Bio-Gide®, positive control group); GD bovine cortical membrane group (first experimental group); and GDF thicker bovine cortical membrane group (second experimental group). Rats were euthanized at 30 and 60 days postoperatively. Quantitative data from the histometric analysis were submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey's posttest when p less then 0.05. Histomorphometric results of the thicker bovine cortical membrane at 30 and 60 days were promising, showing improved new bone formation values (p less then 0.05), and the CD group presented similar results in both analysis periods, being surpassed only by the GDF group (p less then 0.05). The immunohistochemical results were associated with the histomorphometric data. A less-thick membrane also assisted in GBR. D-Galactose clinical trial All membranes promoted GBR, especially the positive control and experimental groups. Copyright © 2020 Carolina Ferrairo Danieletto-Zanna et al.Background Several studies have focused on the association between periodontitis and systemic implications; however, the biological mechanisms of the immune responses before and after periodontal therapy involved in this relationship, such as phagocytic functions, remain unclear. Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether periodontal treatment improves the phagocytic function of blood monocytes in patients with severe periodontitis. Materials and Methods. A nonrandomized sample of 55 participants was enrolled in the study. Two groups were studied control (n = 27, healthy subjects without periodontal disease) and patients (n = 27, healthy subjects without periodontal disease) and patients (. Results Periodontitis induced impaired phagocytosis by monocytes. Phagocytosis at baseline was significantly lower in periodontitis patients [median, 13.2 (range of 7.1 to 20.8) and 60.7 (40.6 to 88.6)] than in controls [27.4 (15.5 to 40.5)] and 98 (68.2 to 122.9)] for nonsensitized or sensitized samples, respectively. After supportive therapy, patients showed a significant enhancement of phagocytic functions [33.7 (14.6 to 53.2) and 108.5 (99.6 to 159.5)] for nonsensitized and sensitized samples, respectively. Periodontal treatment increased the phagocytic capacity to a level similar to that observed in the control group and improved the capacity of phagocytes to produce superoxide anion. Conclusions The results suggest that periodontal therapy in patients with severe periodontitis provides a state of homeostasis due to the reestablishment of phagocytic function and increased production of NBT (Regional Registry No. RBR-24T799; Universal Registry No. U1111-1133-5512). Copyright © 2020 Priscilla F. Naiff et al.Endodontic treatment consists of different working procedures, such as the isolation of the operating field, pulp chamber access, and cleaning and shaping phases with at last the need of a three-dimensional filling of the canals. Each step requires a series of single-use or sterilizable instruments. We have performed a systematic review of different sterilization and disinfection procedures aiming at drawing up a disinfection and sterilization procedure to be used on endodontic instruments. A search on PubMed and Scopus was carried out using the following keywords "endodontic sterilization," "endodontic autoclave," "decontamination dental bur," "sterilization dental burs," and "gutta-percha points sterilization." Eligible articles were included in the qualitative and quantitative analysis. Results of the meta-analysis showed that the most effective method in sterilization is autoclaving. The qualitative analysis showed that the use of single-use or first-use instruments requires presterilization or sterilization procedures, and for reusable tools, attention must be paid to the removal of debris deposited on the blades, not easy to remove manually. Copyright © 2020 Mario Dioguardi et al.The aim of this study was to assess the shaping ability of the XP Shaper (XPS) file in severely curved canal models under simulated body temperature and compare it with that of the WaveOne Gold (WOG) file. Ninety-six simulated root canals were equally distributed into XPS and WOG systems to be shaped by eight files each. Files were assessed under a stereomicroscope prior to canal shaping to detect deformation if any. The canals were shaped at 35 ± 1°C using the X-Smart Plus motor. Images of the canals were obtained before and after instrumentation using a stereomicroscope to measure the amount of removed resin from both the inner and outer curvature sides at apex (0 mm) and 3 mm and 6 mm from the apex. The shaping time was calculated. The data were statistically analyzed by the independent t-test at 5% significance level. The XPS and WOG systems shaped the canals in 37.0 ± 9.5 and 62.6 ± 11.3 seconds (P 0.05). At 3 mm and 6 mm levels, the WOG removed more resin than XPS at both sides (P less then 0.05). In XPS, deformation was observed in four files one file after the first use, one file after the fourth use, and two files after the sixth use.