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Diabetic peripheral neuropathy and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are both global health challenges with well-established diagnostic criteria and significant impacts on quality of life. Clinical observations, epidemiologic evidence, and animal models of disease have strongly suggested MetS is associated with an elevated risk for cryptogenic sensory peripheral neuropathy (CSPN). MetS neuropathy preferentially affects small unmyelinated axons early in its course, and it may also affect autonomic and large fibers. CSPN risk is linked to MetS and several of its components including obesity, dyslipidemia, and prediabetes. MetS also increases neuropathy risk in patients with established type 1 and type 2 diabetes. In this review we present animal data regarding the role of inflammation and dyslipidemia in MetS neuropathy pathogenesis. Several studies suggest exercise-based lifestyle modification is a promising treatment approach for MetS neuropathy.

X-linked chronic granulomatous disease (X-CGD) is an immunodeficiency disorder caused by defects in the gp91

subunit that leads to life-threatening infections. We aimed to identify CYBB gene mutations and study clinical phenotypes in Iranian patients with probable X-CGD.

We studied four unrelated Iranian patients with probable X-CGD and their families recruited in several years. We isolated genomic DNA from whole blood and performed Sanger sequencing in the CYBB gene's coding and flanking regions. We also performed pathogenicity predictions using in silico tools.

We detected four different mutations, including a novel insertion mutation in exon 5 (p.Ile117AsnfsX6), in the patient. Bioinformatics analysis confirmed the pathogenic effect of this mutation. We predicted protein modeling and demonstrated lost functional domains. The patient with the insertion mutation presented pneumonia and acute sinusitis during his life. We also detected three other known nonsense mutations (p.Arg157Ter, p.Arg226Ter, and p.Trp424Ter) in the CYBB gene. this website The patient with p.Arg157Ter developed lymphadenitis and pneumonia. Moreover, the patient with inflammatory bowel disease showed p.Arg226Ter and the patient with tuberculosis presented p.Trp424Ter. We detected different clinical features in the patients compared to other Iranian patients with the same mutations.

Our results expand the genetic database of patients with X-CGD from Iran and make it much easier and faster to identifypatients with X-CGD. Our results also help to detect carriers and enable prenatal diagnosis in high-risk families as a cost-effective strategy.

Our results expand the genetic database of patients with X-CGD from Iran and make it much easier and faster to identify patients with X-CGD. Our results also help to detect carriers and enable prenatal diagnosis in high-risk families as a cost-effective strategy.

Cortical microinfarcts (CMIs) are frequently found in the brains of patients with advanced cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) at autopsy. The small vessel disease (SVD) score for CAA (i.e., the CAA-SVD score) has been proposed to evaluate the severity of CAA-associated vasculopathic changes by a combination of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers. The aim of this study was to examine the association between total CAA-SVD score and features of CMIs on in vivo 3-Tesla MRI.

Eighty patients with probable CAA were retrospectively analyzed. Lobar cerebral microbleeds, cortical superficial siderosis, enlargement of perivascular space in the centrum semiovale and white matter hyperintensity were collectively assessed, and the total CAA-SVD score was calculated. The presence of CMI was also examined.

Of the 80 patients, 13 (16.25%) had CMIs. CMIs were detected more frequently in the parietal and occipital lobes. A positive correlation was found between total CAA-SVD score and prevalence of CMI (ρ=0.943; p=0.005). Total CAA-SVD score was significantly higher in patients with CMIs than in those without (p=0.009). In a multivariable logistic regression analysis, the presence of CMIs was significantly associated with total CAA-SVD score (odds ratio 2.318 [95% confidence interval 1.228-4.376]; p=0.01, per each additional point).

The presence of CMIs with a high CAA-SVD score could be an indicator of more severe amyloid-associated vasculopathic changes in patients with probable CAA.

The presence of CMIs with a high CAA-SVD score could be an indicator of more severe amyloid-associated vasculopathic changes in patients with probable CAA.

To evaluate the treatment outcomes of medication therapies in patients with burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and to identify the clinical characteristics that may affect the efficacy of prescribed medications.

This is a retrospective study of 769 patients with oral burning sensations. Of these patients, 420 patients diagnosed as the primary BMS received an "Initial Approach" that involved a detailed explanation about its etiopathophysiology, self-care instruction, and use of an oral lubricant. Neuropathic medications were prescribed for 277 patients who did not respond to the initial approach. Clinical characteristics, prescribed medications, and changes in intensity of oral symptoms were reviewed.

Clonazepam was administered as the first-line medication. Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), gabapentin, and nortriptyline were commonly administered in combination with clonazepam. More than two-thirds of the patients reported a marked improvement in oral symptoms after treatments with combination of neuropathic medications and ALA. The efficacies of the initial approach and clonazepam had significant positive associations with the initial intensity of oral symptoms and significant negative associations with depression.

Clonazepam therapy in combination with appropriate medications was effective for managing patients with BMS. The initial intensity of oral symptoms and psychological status were significantly associated with treatment outcomes.

Clonazepam therapy in combination with appropriate medications was effective for managing patients with BMS. The initial intensity of oral symptoms and psychological status were significantly associated with treatment outcomes.