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85, vs 1.93 and 1.94 for the transoral and percutaneous approach, respectively. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean score of tolerability across the three different approaches. The mean tolerability score was 1.68 using the transnasal approach, compared to 1.6 using the transoral approach, and 1.84 using the percutaneous approach (P= 0.77). Anxiety scores, and procedure discomfort scores did not differ either among the three groups (P= 0.138 and P= 0.656, respectively).

There was no significant difference in tolerability, anxiety, procedure discomfort, and overall experience regarding the different approaches employed.

There was no significant difference in tolerability, anxiety, procedure discomfort, and overall experience regarding the different approaches employed.

This study aimed to determine objective production differences relative to two emotional interpretations in performing an excerpt from a classical art song. The null hypothesis was proposed.

The first author recorded an excerpt from an art song. The excerpt was sung with two contrasting musical interpretations an "empathetic legato" approach, and a "sarcastic" approach characterized by emphatic attacks. Microphone, airflow, and electroglottography signals were digitized. The vowels were analyzed in terms of intensity, long term average spectra, fundamental frequency (f

), airflow vibrato rate and extent, vowel onset slope, intensity comparison of harmonic frequencies, and glottal measures based on electroglottograph waveforms. Four consonant tokens were analyzed relative to airflow, voice onset time, and production duration.

The emphatic performance had faster vowel onset, increased glottal adduction, increased intensity of harmonics in 2-3 kHz, increased intensity in the fourth and fifth formants, infr /f/, and greater aspiration airflow for /p, t/. Vibrato extents for intensity, fo, and airflow were wider in the emphatic approach. Findings revealed larger EGGW25 and peak-to-peak amplitude values of the electroglottography waveform, suggesting greater vocal fold contact area and longer glottal closure for the emphatic approach. Long-term average spectrum analyses of the entire production displayed minor variation across all formant frequencies, suggesting an insignificant change in vocal tract shaping between the two approaches. This single-case objective study emphasizes the reality of physiological, aerodynamic, and acoustic production differences in the interpretive and pedagogical aspects of art song performance.Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection has an adverse impact on outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It is recommended that HSCT candidates infected with HCV receive the treatment prior to transplantation. Although the recent approval of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has led to great advances in the treatment of HCV infection, little information is available on the efficacy and safety of DAA therapy in patients receiving allogeneic HSCT. Herein, we report the clinical course of an umbilical cord blood (UCB) recipient treated with DAAs for HCV infection. The patient achieved HCV RNA negativity with glecaprevir and pibrentasvir after consolidation therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and underwent transplantation before confirming sustained virological response (SVR) at 12 weeks. The HCV viral load became detectable on day +28 after transplantation and second HCV treatment with sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and ribavirin was required. FDI6 It is important to confirm SVR prior to transplantation, but it is often difficult. If early transplantation is required, close monitoring of HCV RNA after transplantation is needed. Further investigation is required to clarify the optimal management of HCV infection for allogeneic HSCT recipients in the DAA era.We present the case of a patient with a voluminous cerebral abscess caused by Aggregatibacter aphrophilus and Actinomyces meyeri occurring a week post dental scaling. Both these bacteria are rarely involved in brain abscesses, and so far, cases of cerebral actinomyces have mostly been treated surgically and with intravenous (IV) antibiotics for 3-4 months, then put on oral antibiotic therapy with penicillin or amoxicillin for a further 3-12 months. Our patient underwent drainage through craniotomy and was subsequently put on intravenous ceftriaxone for 3 months accompanied by brain imaging control at the end of this period which showed complete regression of the abscess. Following parenteral treatment, no oral antibiotics were given since pharmacokinetic properties do not allow to attain high tissue concentration in the brain. This treatment gave excellent results.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in children and require appropriate diagnostic evaluation, management and follow-up.

To provide a summary of the updated European Association of Urology (EAU) guidelines on Pediatric Urology, which were first published in 2015 in European Urology.

A structured literature review was performed of new publications between 2015 and 2020 for UTIs in children. The guideline was updated accordingly with relevant new literature.

The occurrence of a UTI can be the first indication of anatomical abnormalities in the urinary tract, especially in patients with a febrile UTI. The basic diagnostic evaluation should include sufficient investigations to exclude urinary tract abnormalities, but should also be as minimally invasive as possible. In recent years, more risk factors have been identified to predict the presence of these anatomical anomalies, such as a non-E. Coli infection, high grade fever and ultrasound abnormalities. When these risk factors are factored into the diagnostic work-up, some invasive investigations can be omitted in a larger group of children. In addition to the treatment of active UTIs, it is also essential to prevent recurrent UTIs and consequent renal scarring. With the increase of antimicrobial resistance good antibiotic stewardship is needed. In addition, alternative preventative measures such as dietary supplements, bladder and bowel management and antibiotic prophylaxis could decrease the incidence of recurrent UTI.

This paper is a summary of the updated 2021 EAU guidelines on Pediatric Urology. It provides practical considerations and flowcharts for the management and diagnostic evaluation of UTIs in children.

This paper is a summary of the updated 2021 EAU guidelines on Pediatric Urology. It provides practical considerations and flowcharts for the management and diagnostic evaluation of UTIs in children.