Ramseyfraser5867

Barren land always has a high contribution to the regional AOD. The land use types affected by anthropogenic activities were smaller contributors to regional aerosols than barren lands affected by climate factors. This paper advances the understanding of relationship between aerosols and land use/cover and facilitates land use decision making.Microplastic-associated risks in freshwater ecosystems have triggered significant concerns in recent years. However, the contribution of plastic production processing to microplastic pollution is largely unknown. The present study investigated microplastic pollution in biotic and abiotic compartments in three sites which are in surrounding area of a plastic industrial colony and a site from a reservoir for drinking water as reference. The abundances of microplastics were 0.4-20.5 items/L in surface water, 44.4-124.7 items/kg (ww) in sediment and 1.9-6.1 items/individual in guts of Hemiculter leucisculus from the industrial area. In contrast, the abundances were much lower levels of 0.1 ± 0.1 items/L in surface water, 0.5 ± 0.2 items/kg (ww) in sediment and 0.2 ± 0.01 items/individual in H. leucisculus in the reference site, respectively. threonin kina inhibitor A large quantity of raw pellets were found on the grounds surrounding the plastic factories. The dominant shapes of microplastics found in sediment were fragments (67%), followed by pellets (18%). Unexpectedly, neither fragments nor pellets (> 1 mm) were found in any fish. The organ index of liver in Hemiculter leucisculus, including four types of histopathological changes, was up to 5.5-9.9 in the plastic production area and only 1.6 in the reference site. Our results strongly suggest that microplastic pollution was in high level, and the histopathological damage in fish tissues strongly confirmed the microplastic pollution and ecological response of the plastic production area. Our results also indicate that the feeding types of local fish species might be the reasons leading to the absence of raw pellets or fragments in fish, despite high abundances of microplastics existed in their living environments. CAPSULE ABSTRACT The plastic production area is a special point source of microplastic in the environments.Airborne Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are known to have strong and adverse impacts on human health and the environment by contributing to the formation of tropospheric ozone. VOCs can escape during various stages of crude oil processing, from extraction to refinery, hence the crude oil industry is recognised as one of the major sources of VOC release into the environment. In the last few decades, volatile emissions from crude oil have been investigated either directly by means of laboratory and field-based analyses, or indirectly via emission inventories (EIs) which have been used to develop regulatory and controlling measures in the petroleum industry. There is a vast amount of scattered data in the literature for both regional emissions from crude oil processing and scientific measurements of VOC releases. This paper aims to provide a critical analysis of the overall scale of global emissions of VOCs from all stages of oil processing based on data reported in the literature. The volatile compounds, identified via EIs of the crude oil industry or through direct emissions from oil mass, are collected and analysed to present a global-scale evaluation of type, average concentration and detection frequency of the most prevalent VOCs. We provide a critical analysis on the total averages of VOCs and key pieces of evidence which highlights the necessity of implementing control measures to regulate crude oil volatile emissions (CVEs) in primary steps of extraction-to-refinery pathways of crude oil processing. We have identified knowledge gaps in this field which are of importance to control the release of VOCs from crude oil, independent of oil type, location, operating conditions and metrological parameters.The gut microbiota appears to be a significant contributor to musculoskeletal health and disease. Genetic background, age, gender, diet, lifestyle and socio-economic aspects are also important factors that contribute to musculoskeletal health, as well as to the normal balance of the intestinal microbiota. Through the production of a large and diverse pool of bioactive small molecules, the gut microbiota can in fact signal to extra-intestinal organs, establishing a systems-level connection with the host metabolic, endocrine, immune and nervous apparatus. The gut microbiota has therefore been extensively studied in recent years, for health promotion, disease prevention and disease treatment, as well as for exercise performance. Practically, physical activity is recommended as a useful tool to prevent disease and improve prognosis when an athlete gets sick or injured. Therefore, the findings of studies performed on athletes should not be automatically transferred to all subjects undertaking non-competitive exercise.Various types of biochar have been widely used to remediate soil contamination from heavy metals (HMs) and to reduce HM mobility and bioavailability in soils in recent years. Most researchers have paid attention to the beneficial effects of biochar during the remediation process, but few have emphasized their negative effects and the challenges for their application. In this review, the negative effects and challenges of applying biochar for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils are thoroughly summarized and discussed, including the changeable characteristics of biochar, biochar over-application, toxic substances in biochar, activation of some HMs in soils by biochar, nonspecific adsorption, and the negative influences of biochar on soil microorganisms and plants. In addition, further research directions and several recommendations (standardization, long-term field experiments, mechanisms research and designer biochars) were also proposed to enable the large-scale application of biochar for the remediation of HM-contaminated soils.West African populations are exposed to the longest and harshest dust storms on the planet, the Saharan sand and dust storms (SDS). Nonetheless, little is known about the effects of the severe storms on early-life health in West Africa. This study investigated the association of the risk of neonatal mortality, an indicator of the population's early-life health, with potential prenatal and neonatal exposure to the Saharan SDS. Data on 30,552 under-five children from Burkina Faso's 1993, 2003, and 2010 demographic and health surveys were matched to the particulate matters (PM) and terrestrial air temperature and precipitation forecasts. Exposure to dust events was measured by the number of days with average PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations above a series of threshold. Intensity-dependent patterns of associations between neonatal mortality and both prenatal and birth month exposure to dust events were identified. There was no association if average daily PM10 and PM2.5 levels were less then 60 and 30 μg/m3, respectively.