Hartleydinesen6680

We study the phase dynamics in power grids in response to small disturbances and how this depends on the grid topology. To this end, we consider the swing equations in linear order in phase disturbances and solve the resulting linear wave equation, deriving the eigenmodes of the weighted graph Laplacian. this website A linear response expression for the deviation of frequency is given in terms of these eigenvalues and eigenvectors, which it is argued to be the basis for future power system stabilizers and other control measures in power systems. As an example, we present results for random networks based on the Watts-Strogatz model, where we observe a transition to localized eigenstates as the randomness in the degree distribution grows. Moreover, it is found that localization leads to faster decay rates. Thereby, disturbances are found to remain localized on a few nodes where they decay faster. Finally, we also consider the German transmission grid topology, where the eigenstate of the lowest eigenfrequency, the Fiedler vector, is found to be extended, with large intensities at the northwestern and southern boundaries.The critical behavior of ribonucleic acid (RNA) secondary structures with quenched sequence randomness is studied by means of the constrained annealing method. A thermodynamic phase transition is induced by including the conformational weight of loop structures. In addition to the expected melting at high temperature, a cold-melting transition appears when the disorder strength induces competition between favorable and unfavorable base pairs. Our results suggest that the cold denaturation of RNA found experimentally might be triggered by quenched sequence disorder. We calculate hot- and cold-melting critical temperatures for competing favorable and unfavorable base-pair energies and present a folding phase diagram as a function of the loop exponent and temperature.We present simulation results for an intruder pulled through a two-dimensional granular system by a spring using a model designed to mimic the experiments described by Kozlowski et al. [Phys. Rev. E 100, 032905 (2019)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.100.032905]. In that previous study the presence of basal friction between the grains and the base was observed to change the intruder dynamics from clogging to stick-slip. Here we first show that our simulation results are in excellent agreement with the experimental data for a variety of experimentally accessible friction coefficients governing interactions of particles with each other and with boundaries. We then use simulations to explore a broader range of parameter space, focusing on the friction between the particles and the base. We consider both static and dynamic basal friction coefficients, which are difficult to vary smoothly in experiments. The simulations show that dynamic friction strongly affects the stick-slip behavior when the coefficient is decreased below 0.1, while static friction plays only a marginal role.The diffusion of particles trapped in long narrow channels occurs predominantly in one dimension. Here, a molecular-dynamics simulation is used to study the inertial dynamics of two-dimensional hard disks confined to long, narrow, structureless channels with hard walls in the no-passing regime. We show that the diffusion coefficient obtained from the mean-squared displacement can be mapped onto the exact results for the diffusion of the strictly-one-dimensional hard rod system through an effective occupied volume fraction obtained from either the equation of state or a geometric projection of the particle interaction diameters.The ratio of two consecutive level spacings has emerged as a very useful metric in investigating universal features exhibited by complex spectra. It does not require the knowledge of density of states and is therefore quite convenient to compute in analyzing the spectrum of a general system. The Wigner-surmise-like results for the ratio distribution are known for the invariant classes of Gaussian random matrices. However, for the crossover ensembles, which are useful in modeling systems with partially broken symmetries, corresponding results have remained unavailable so far. In this work, we derive exact results for the distribution and average of the ratio of two consecutive level spacings in the Gaussian orthogonal to unitary crossover ensemble using a 3×3 random matrix model. This crossover is useful in modeling time-reversal symmetry breaking in quantum chaotic systems. Although based on a 3×3 matrix model, our results can also be applied in the study of large spectra, provided the symmetry-breaking parameter facilitating the crossover is suitably scaled. We substantiate this claim by considering Gaussian and Laguerre crossover ensembles comprising large matrices. Moreover, we apply our result to investigate the violation of time-reversal invariance in the quantum kicked rotor system.Soft solids like colloidal glasses exhibit a yield stress, above which the system starts to flow. The microscopic analogon in microrheology is the untrapping or depinning of a tracer particle subject to an external force exceeding a threshold value in a glassy host. We characterize this delocalization transition based on a bifurcation analysis of the corresponding mode-coupling theory equations. A schematic model that allows analytical progress is presented first, and the full physical model is studied numerically next. This analysis yields a continuous dynamic transition with a critical power-law decay of the probe correlation functions with exponent -1/2. To compare with simulations with a limited duration, a finite-time analysis is performed, which yields reasonable results for not-too-small wave vectors. The theoretically predicted findings are verified by Langevin dynamics simulations. For small wave vectors we find anomalous behavior for the probe position correlation function, which can be traced back to a wave-vector divergence of the critical amplitude. In addition, we propose and test three methods to extract the critical force from experimental data, which provide the same value of the critical force when applied to the finite-time theory or simulations.