Kristoffersenbojesen5505

e development of effective interventions.Background Research has consistently identified firearm availability as a risk factor for suicide. However, existing studies are relatively small in scale, estimates vary widely, and no study appears to have tracked risks from commencement of firearm ownership. Methods We identified handgun acquisitions and deaths in a cohort of 26.3 million male and female residents of California, 21 years old or older, who had not previously acquired handguns. Cohort members were followed for up to 12 years 2 months (from October 18, 2004, to December 31, 2016). We used survival analysis to estimate the relationship between handgun ownership and both all-cause mortality and suicide (by firearm and by other methods) among men and women. read more The analysis allowed the baseline hazard to vary according to neighborhood and was adjusted for age, race and ethnic group, and ownership of long guns (i.e., rifles or shotguns). Results A total of 676,425 cohort members acquired one or more handguns, and 1,457,981 died; 17,894 died by suicide, of which 6691 were suicides by firearm. Rates of suicide by any method were higher among handgun owners, with an adjusted hazard ratio of 3.34 for all male owners as compared with male nonowners (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.13 to 3.56) and 7.16 for female owners as compared with female nonowners (95% CI, 6.22 to 8.24). These rates were driven by much higher rates of suicide by firearm among both male and female handgun owners, with a hazard ratio of 7.82 for men (95% CI, 7.26 to 8.43) and 35.15 for women (95% CI, 29.56 to 41.79). Handgun owners did not have higher rates of suicide by other methods or higher all-cause mortality. The risk of suicide by firearm among handgun owners peaked immediately after the first acquisition, but 52% of all suicides by firearm among handgun owners occurred more than 1 year after acquisition. Conclusions Handgun ownership is associated with a greatly elevated and enduring risk of suicide by firearm. (Funded by the Fund for a Safer Future and others.).Objective To explore the correlations between the habit of betel quid and areca nut (BQ-AN) chewing and the prognosis of oral cancer (OC). Methods We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify this issue. Data searches were performed using PubMed, Web of Science, Epistemonikos, and Embase databases through November 2019. The primary outcome was the difference in the prognosis of OC between BQ-AN chewers and non-chewers, measured in terms of 5-year overall survival (OS) and 5-year disease-specify survival (DSS) log (HR) reported in articles. The pooled HR with 95%CI of 5-year OS and 5-year DSS was calculated using a fixed-effects model. Results Ten articles with eleven OS or DSS survival studies (one of the articles contained two studies), which were published between 2003 and 2017, were eligible for inclusion in the present study. All the 11 studies were observational studies, among which 10 were retrospective and 1 was prospective. One study measured both OS and DSS. Eight studies, with a total of 2761 patients, used 5-year OS as the primary endpoint and four studies, with a total of 2551 patients, used 5-year DSS. Overall, the pooled HR evaluating BQ-AN chewers was 1.26 (95% CI 1.09-1.46) for 5-year OS and 1.40 (95% CI 1.15-1.70) for 5-year DSS, compared with non-chewers. There was a significant association between BQ-AN chewing and OC survival. Conclusions BQ-AN chewing is significantly associated with poor prognosis in patients with OC.We propose a simple model for chromatin organization based on the interaction of the chromatin fibers with lamin proteins along the nuclear membrane. Lamin proteins are known to be a major factor that influences chromatin organization and hence gene expression in the cells. We provide a quantitative understanding of lamin-associated chromatin organization in a crowded macromolecular environment by systematically varying the heteropolymer segment distribution and the strength of the lamin-chromatin attractive interaction. Our minimal polymer model reproduces the formation of lamin-associated-domains and provides an in silico tool for quantifying domain length distributions for different distributions of heteropolymer segments. We show that a Gaussian distribution of heteropolymer segments, coupled with strong lamin-chromatin interactions, can qualitatively reproduce observed length distributions of lamin-associated-domains. Further, lamin-mediated interaction can enhance the formation of chromosome territories as well as the organization of chromatin into tightly packed heterochromatin and the loosely packed gene-rich euchromatin regions.Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis are rare, inherited cholestatic liver disorders that manifest in infants and children and are associated with impaired bile flow (ie, cholestasis), pruritus, and potentially fatal liver disease. There are no effective or approved pharmacologic treatments for these diseases (standard medical treatments are supportive only), and new, noninvasive options would be valuable. Typically, bile acids undergo biliary secretion and intestinal reabsorption (ie, enterohepatic circulation). However, in these diseases, disrupted secretion of bile acids leads to their accumulation in the liver, which is thought to underlie pruritus and liver-damaging inflammation. One approach to reducing pathologic bile acid accumulation in the body is surgical biliary diversion, which interrupts the enterohepatic circulation (eg, by diverting bile acids to an external stoma). These procedures can normalize serum bile acids, reduce pruritus and liver injury, and improve quality of life. A novel, nonsurgical approach to interrupting the enterohepatic circulation is inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter, a key molecule in the enterohepatic circulation that reabsorbs bile acids from the intestine. Ileal bile acid transport inhibition has been shown to reduce serum bile acids and pruritus in trials of pediatric cholestatic liver diseases. This review explores the rationale of inhibition of the ileal bile acid transporter as a therapeutic target, describes ileal bile acid transport inhibitors in development, and summarizes the current data on interrupting the enterohepatic circulation as treatment for cholestatic liver diseases including Alagille syndrome and progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis.