Tylererickson4424

Ketamine has been shown to be efficacious for the treatment of depression, specifically among individuals who do not responded to first-line treatments. There is still, however, a lack of clarity surrounding the clinical features and response periods across samples that respond to ketamine. This paper systematically reviews published randomized, controlled trials that investigate ketamine as an antidepressant intervention in both unipolar and bipolar depression to determine the specific clinical features of the samples across different efficacy periods. Moreover, similarities and differences in clinical characteristics associated with acute versus longer-term drug response are discussed. Similarities across all samples suggest that the population that responds to ketamine's antidepressant effect have experienced chronic, long-term depression, approaching ketamine treatment as a "last resort". Moreover, differences between these groups suggest future research to investigate the potential of stronger efficacy towards depression in the context of bipolar disorder compared to major depression, and in participants who undergo antidepressant washout before ketamine administration. From these findings, suggestions for the future direction of ketamine research for depression are formed. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac rhythm disorder associated with stroke. Increased risk of stroke is the same regardless of whether the AF is permanent or paroxysmal. However, detecting paroxysmal AF is challenging and resource intensive. We aimed to develop a predictive model for AF in patients with acute ischemic stroke, which could improve the detection rate of paroxysmal AF. METHODS We analyzed 10,034 adult patients with acute ischemic stroke. Differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without AF were analyzed in order to develop a predictive model of AF. The associated factors for AF were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression and classification and regression tree (CART) analyses. We used another dataset, which enrolled 860 acute ischemic stroke patients without AF at baseline, to test whether the developed model could improve the detection rate of paroxysmal AF. Among the study population, 1,658 patients (16.5%) had AF. RESULTS Multivariase email at epub@benthamscience.net.BACKGROUND Depression and anxiety after stroke is common and likely to be neglected. Abnormal red blood cell (RBC) indices may be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the association of RBC indices with post-stroke depression (PSD) and post-stroke anxiety (PSA) has not been sufficiently investigated. METHODS We aimed to investigate the trajectory of post-stroke depression and anxiety in our follow-up stroke clinic at 1, 3, and 6 months, and the association of RBC indices with these. One hundred and sixty-two patients with a new diagnosis of ischemic stroke were followed up at 1, 3, and 6 months, and underwent Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the general anxiety disorder 7-item (GAD-7) questionnaire for evaluation of depression and anxiety, respectively. First, we used Kaplan-Meier analysis to investigate the accumulated incidences of post-stroke depression and post-stroke anxiety. Next, to explore the association of RBC indices with psychiatric disorders after an ischemic stroke attack, we adjusted for demographic and vascular risk factors using multivariate Cox regression analysis. RESULTS Of the 162 patients with new onset of ischemic stroke, we found that the accumulated incidence rates of PSD (1.2%, 17.9%, and 35.8%) and PSA (1.2%, 13.6%, and 15.4%) at the 1, 3, and 6 months, respectively. The incident PSD and PSA increased 3 months after a stroke attack. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated independent positive associations between PSD risk and higher mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (OR=1.42, 95% CI=1.16-1.76), older age (OR=2.63, 95% CI=1.16-5.93), and a negative relationship between male sex (OR=0.95, 95% CI=0.91-0.99) and PSA. CONCLUSION The risks of PSD and PSA increased substantially 3 months beyond stroke onset. Of the RBC indices, higher MCV showed an independent positive association with PSD. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.In recent years, SLNs and NLCs are among the popular drug delivery systems studied for delivery of lipophilic drugs. Both systems have demonstrated several beneficial properties as an ideal drug-carrier, optimal drug-loading and good long-term stability. NLCs are getting popular due to their stability advantages and possibility to load various oil components either as an active or as a matrix. This review screens types of oils used till date in combination with solid lipid to form NLCs. These oils are broadly classified in two categories Natural oils and Essential oils. NLCs offer range advantages in drug delivery due to the formation of imperfect matrix owing to the presence of oil. The type and percentage of oil used determines optimal drug loading and stability. Literature shows that variety of oils is used in NLCs mainly as matrix, which is from natural origin, triglycerides class. On the other hand, essential oils not only serve as a matrix but as an active. In short, oil is the key ingredient in formation of NLCs, hence needs to be selected wisely as per the performance criteria expected. buy MSC2530818 Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to or dysfunction of the somatosensory nervous system. The main mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain including ectopic activity in nociceptive nerves, peripheral and central sensitization, impaired inhibitory modulation, and microglial activation. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) make up a large family of growth factors that mediate neural development, metabolism, and function through three main key signaling pathways, including RAS/MAP kinase pathway, PI3 kinase/Akt pathway, and PLCγ. An association between the members of the FGF system and improvement of neuropathic pain has become evident, recently. These signaling molecules may be expected to provide new drug targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. To our best knowledge, it is the first that reviews the relationship between some members of the FGF system and neuropathic pain. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.