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The following article shows how a simple construction of a hybrid flow battery can be realised with medical technology materials. The implementation of this future-oriented topic is an example of a curricular innovation and should already be included in school curricula, since future generations will have to deal intensively with the energy transition (not only in Germany) and renewable energies. An electrolyte based on ink cartridges was used to motivate the pupils. The use of this 'everyday chemical' creates a real life reference for the students in the classroom, which can increase the popularity of chemistry teaching.Electrosynthesis is frequently presented as an intrinsically sustainable, safe and efficient method. While this is indeed often the case, this assessment cannot be easily generalized, as a number of challenges need to be addressed on the way to more efficient and truly sustainable processes. These challenges comprise the necessity for employing large amounts of supporting electrolyte additives along with the concomitant separation and waste issues. A further problem is the kinetic inhibition of the heterogeneous electron exchange, which in many instances leads to a decreased selectivity and an increased energy consumption ( 'overpotential' ). Another challenge is the apparent restriction of electrosynthesis to redox reactions, which seems to exclude important redox-neutral processes such as rearrangements, cycloadditions and substitutions from the scope of applications. Herein, catalytic approaches and electrolyte concepts are presented, which can help to overcome the abovementioned issues. For illustration of the principles, examples from our recent research activities are used.Photoirradiation of 2-oxoacetates (α-ketoesters) with UV-A light proceeds via an intramolecular hydrogen abstraction of the triplet state in a Norrish type II pathway to form carbonyl compounds, carbon monoxide and/or dioxide, and a series of other side products. This review gives a detailed overview of the mechanistic aspects of photooxidation by explaining the pathways that yield the major products formed in the presence or absence of oxygen. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the photoreaction can be used for the light-induced controlled release of fragrances from non-polymeric profragrances, polymer conjugates and core-shell microcapsules in applications of functional perfumery. Bismuth subnitrate ic50 In the case of microcapsules, the gas formation accompanying the Norrish type II fragmentation can generate an overpressure that expands or cleaves the capsule wall to release fragrances and thus provides access to multi-stimuli responsive delivery systems.Recently there has been an explosion of interest in the synthetic community for the addition of radicals into unsaturated organoboron-ate complexes. This review will give a concise outline for radical processes involving boron-ate complexes which trigger a subsequent anionotropic rearrangement.The synthesis of complex molecules via radical reactions involving carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds has become a very successful approach. Radical chemistry has long been dominated by the use of tin-based reagents. Those strongly contributed to the development of the field, allowing one to achieve spectacular transformations, most of which being difficult or impossible to achieve under ionic conditions, and giving access to invaluable kinetics data that paved the way for the development of improved protocols and the design of new synthetic strategies. However, tin reagents and tin byproducts are often toxic and they proved to make purification steps sometimes tedious. In this context, tin-free methods have progressively gained in interest. This short review aims at providing the reader with alternative methods employing C-H bonds in place of the classical alkyl halides to generate, via an intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT), the radical species. Examples of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bond formation using this type of C-H bond activation approach will be provided, from early reports to the more recent developments.This review focuses on recent developments from our laboratory in the field of radical reactions mediated by the archetypal reductive single electron transfer (SET) reagent, SmI₂. Namely, we have expanded the scope of reducible carbonyl moieties to esters and amides and have exploited the resultant ketyl radicals in radical cascade reactions that generate unprecedented scaffolds. Moreover, we have taken the first steps to address the long-standing challenges of catalysis and chiral ligand control associated with the reagent.The degenerative xanthate addition transfer to alkenes allows the synthesis of a broad range of protected, and in some cases enantiopure, α, β, and γ-amino acids, including proline and pipecolic derivatives, as well as fluorinated congeners and β-lactams. The radical addition furnishes naturally latent mercapto-α-amino acids that are ideally equipped for native chemical ligation. Most of the amino acid structures accessible rapidly by this chemistry would otherwise require tedious multi-step syntheses.We examined the size, content, and use of evaluative lexis by 26 English monolingual and 20 Spanish-English bilingual 30-month-old children in interaction with their mothers. We extracted the evaluative words, defined as words referring to cognition, volition, or emotion. Controlling for overall vocabulary skills as measured by the MacArthur-Bates inventories, monolinguals had a larger evaluative lexicon than the bilinguals' Spanish evaluative lexicon, but no difference was found between monolinguals' and bilinguals' English evaluative lexicons. There were differences between the monolinguals and bilinguals in the distribution of evaluative words across semantic categories English monolingual children used more words pertaining to volition and cognition and talked more about volition than the Spanish-English bilingual children. These results suggest that the development of evaluative lexicons is influenced by cultural differences, and consequently, bilingual children, who are also bicultural, follow a different developmental path in both languages from the path followed by their monolingual peers.