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05). Furthermore, the total number of pathogens in the incision at 2 hours into surgery was also significantly lower in the experimental group than in the control group (p less then 0.05). CONCLUSION Stringent application of the infection control pathway is an efficacious measure for improving the air cleanliness of the neurosurgery OR, decreasing the incidence rates of postoperative complications and infection, as well as controlling pathogen transmission. Copyright (c) 2020 Xin Zhang, Chunli Dong, Haozheng Yuan, Renyan Xu, Hui Zhang, Lili He, Weihong Qi.INTRODUCTION Nosocomial pathogens have become a priority issue for public health, since they are responsible for increased morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients and the development of multi-resistant microorganisms, as well. Recent studies found strong evidence that airborne transmission plays a key role in many nosocomial infections. Thus, we aim to develop a QuEChER methodology for the characterization of airborne microbial levels, analyzing potential variables that modify the air microbiological load. METHODOLOGY Particulate matter levels and suspended and settled bioaerosols were determined simultaneously employing optical sensors, Harvard impactors and settle plates, respectively. this website Environmental variables were also measured at different sites during different working shifts and seasons. RESULTS We found a straightforward relationship between airborne particles, air exchange rates, and people influx. Levels of suspended microorganisms were related to fine particulate matter concentration, CO2 and ambient temperature. A positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.9356) was also found between fine particulate matter and CO2 levels and air microbial load. CONCLUSION The QuEChER methodology is an effective methodology that could be used to improve the surveillance of nosocomial pathogens in developing countries hospitals where air quality is scarcely controlled. Copyright (c) 2020 Ivan Tavera Busso, Florencia Herrera, Maria Florencia Tames, Ignacio Gonzalez Gasquez , Lilia Norma Camisassa, Hebe Alejandra Carreras.INTRODUCTION The principle of abdominal abscess treatment is drenage. However, whether this drainage is percutaneous or open surgery is the choice of the specialist or center. Recently, there have been reports indicating that percutaneous drainage is superior. In this study, patients followed up and treated in a ten-year period in our clinic were evaluated for both of the methods that we applied. METHODOLOGY Cases of intra-abdominal abscess followed-up in a ten-year period were evaluated retrospectively. As well as some of the characteristics of the patients, the methods of drainage applied were recorded. The subjects who received percutaneous drainage and those undergoing open surgery were compared in terms of length of hospitalization, length of treatment and prognosis. RESULTS The most common abscess site was intraperitoneal, and the origins of the abscesses were often hospital-based. The most commonly isolated organism, at a level of 33.8%, was Escherichia coli. Percutaneous drainage was applied at source control in 49 (43.8%) patients and open surgery drainage in 60 (53.6%). However, length of hospitalization, length of treatment and duration of drainage catheter use were statistically significantly higher in the percutaneous drainage group. No significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of prognosis. CONCLUSION We attribute these results in disagreement with the literature to more patients being recommended for percutaneous drainage due to the fact that these patients were thought to be incapable of tolerating open surgery and to the higher probability of additional disease and complications. Copyright (c) 2020 Fusun Zeynep Akcam, Tennure Ceylan, Onur Kaya, Ergun Ceylan, Omer Ridvan Tarhan.INTRODUCTION Antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli, one of the causal agents of aerobic vaginitis, leads to the persistence of the infection. The investigation of integrons acquires relevance, since they are elements that are responsible for the acquisition of resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this work was to describe the structural diversity of class 1 integrons in virulent and commensal strains of E. coli isolated from patients with vaginal infection. METHODOLOGY Ninety-two strains of E. coli were isolated from patients with aerobic vaginitis. Resistance profile against 19 antibiotics and class 1 integrons were detected by PCR. The identity and arrangement of cassettes was determined by sequencing. ERIC-PCR assays were carried out in strains with identical arrays. Finally, genotyping by Clermont algorithm and serotyping were performed. Seventeen strains showed integrons located in plasmids. RESULTS Ten different gene cassette arrays were identified in 30 strains of E. coli. Cassettes corresponding to genes coding for adenylyltransferases (aadA), dihydrofolate reductases (dfrA), and oxacillinases (blaOXA) were detected. Array dfrA17-aadA5 was predominantly prevalent over the other arrays identified. Phylogenetic group A was the most predominant, followed by group B2 and D. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the presence of E. coli of vaginal origin carrying class 1 integrons, which are main genetic elements of capture of resistance genes, with the possibility of capturing new resistance cassettes. These evidences should serve for the modification of protocols in the diagnosis and treatment of aerobic vaginitis, and the development of policies for the rational use of antimicrobials. Copyright (c) 2020 Juan Manuel Bello-LOpez, Manalli Itzahaya Blancarte–Lagunas, Graciela Castro-Escarpulli, Armando Navarro-Ocana, Gabriela Ibanez-Cervantes, Laura Margarita Marquez-Valdelamar, Jose Hernandez-Carrillo, Juana Salazar-Salinas, O.F Mendoza-Vasquez, Gabriel Damazo-Hernandez.INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious public-health problem worldwide. The successful tuberculosis treatment was in low rate among the hill tribes in Thailand. This study aimed to determine factors associated with the unsuccessful tuberculosis treatment among the hill tribe TB patients in northern Thailand. METHODOLOGY A retrospective cohort study was conducted using secondary data from the national TB reporting system. Data of newly registered hill tribe patients with TB receiving treatment were obtained from 18 government hospitals in Chiang Rai province, during 2014-2017. TB treatment outcomes and factors associated with unsuccessful were determined. RESULTS A total of 770 hill tribe patients with TB registered during the study period. The majority were males aged 25-64 years. About 80% of the patients lived in rural areas and 53.9% worked in agriculture. The overall TB treatment success rate was 80.4%. Two factors were associated with unsuccessful TB treatment ages 25-44 and ages 45-64 (aOR 3.14 (1.