Faulknerwiese8052

In addition, the large heterogeneity in the definitions of the functional unit, system boundary and in the reference study period of repair, replacement, rehabilitation or end-of-life for both flexible and rigid pavement does not support the identification of the most environmentally friendly solutions. Based on the results of the analysis, several recommendations for design parameters and life cycle assessment aspects are proposed to support a harmonized calculation of the environmental impacts of road projects.Cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu) are widely present in foods. However, their adverse effects on human gastric epithelium are not fully understood. Here, human gastric epithelial cells (SGC-7901) were employed to study the toxicity and associated mechanisms of Cd + Cu co-exposure. Their effects on cell viability, morphology, oxidative damage, cell cycle, apoptosis, and the mRNA levels of antioxidases and cell cycle regulatory genes were investigated. Co-exposure to Cd (5 μM)/Cu (10 μM) induced >40% cell viability loss, whereas little effect on cell viability at less then 10 μM Cd or 40 μM Cu. Compared to individual exposure, co-exposure induced greater oxidative damage by elevating ROS (3.5 folds), malondialdehyde (2.3 folds) and expression of SOD1 and HO-1 besides inhibiting CAT, GPX1 and Nrf2. A marked S cell-cycle arrest was observed in co-exposure, evidenced by more cells staying in the S phase (36%), up-regulation of cyclins-dependent kinase (CDK4) and CDKs inhibitor (p21) and down-regulation of CDK2, CDK6 and p27. Furthermore, higher apoptosis (22%) with floated and round cells occurred in co-exposure group. Our data implicate the cytotoxicity of Cd + Cu co-exposure was higher than individual exposure, and individual assessment would underestimate their potential health risk. Oxidative stress and cell cycle arrest possibly played a role in Cd + Cu induced toxicity and apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells. Our data suggest the importance to reduce Cd in foods to decrease its adverse impacts on human digestive system.Antibiotic fermentation residue (AFR) is a kind of protein-rich biosolids that would be utilized as valuable substrates for biogas production. However, the effectiveness of conductive material supplementation and its effect on the microbiome in anaerobic digestion of AFR have not been fully elucidated. The objective of this study is to access the impact of Fe3O4 addition on anaerobic digestion of AFR and reveal its microbial mechanism. By adding Fe3O4 at concentration of 150 mg/gTS to two typical AFRs, the methane yield was decreased while the methane production rate was significantly enhanced by 48% and 21%, respectively. Genomic analyses revealed that the Fe3O4 addition altered the microbial community by selecting the unknown genus of Anaerolineae with the metabolic capacity of carbohydrate hydrolysis and proteolysis. Meanwhile, the hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis was the dominant pathway in the AFR digestion system, which was mostly contributed by the Methanoculleus and Methanolinea. More interestingly, Methanoculleus might possess fermentative capability involved in the versatile hydrolysis pathway. Although the genes related to electrically conductive pili were detected, the induction of direct interspecies electron transfer by Fe3O4 supplementation was not confirmed in this study. In summary, except the accelerated methane production rate, Fe3O4 addition functioned as biostimulator for Anaerolineae other than electron conduit in anaerobic methanogenesis in the AFR digestion system.Disinfection of secondary effluents is vital to provide a sustainable aquatic environment, minimize microbial risks and guarantee public and environmental safety. This study investigated the effectiveness of six treatment trains including single and combined disinfection processes (i.e., ozone alone, ultraviolet (UV) irradiation alone, chlorine alone, sequential ozone-UV, sequential ozone-chlorine and sequential ozone-UV-chlorine) on bacterial inactivation, as well as bulk water quality parameters such as color, turbidity, absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and fluorescence based on samples collected from an actual water reclamation plant (WRP). For the single disinfection processes, when the ozone, UV and chlorine doses reached 5 mg/L, 15 mJ/cm2 and 4 mg/L, respectively, the log removal of Escherichia coli (E. coli) reached 5 log. SN-001 in vitro A trailing phenomenon was observed with further increases in the disinfectant dosage. Under the combined treatment scenarios, ozone pretreatment resulted in substantial removal of color, turbidity, UV254, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (FEEM) and chlorine consuming organics, thus enhancing the efficiency of subsequent UV irradiation or chlorine treatments. In the sequential ozone-UV-chlorine experiments, E. coli inactivation reached 7 log with ozone, UV and available chlorine of 3 mg/L, 5 or 10 mJ/cm2 and 2.5 mg/L, respectively. On the basis of the results from the actual WRP, the estimated operating cost per unit for the disinfection systems is 0.065 CNY/t, which is economical for long-term operation.Microbial ecology is an integral part of an agricultural ecosystem and influences the quality of agricultural commodities. Microbial activity influences grapevine health and crop production, conversion of sugar to ethanol during fermentation, thus forming wine aroma and flavour. There are regionally differentiated microbial patterns in grapevines and must but how microbial patterns contribute to wine regional distinctiveness (terroir) at small scale ( less then 100 km) is not well defined. Here we characterise fungal communities, yeast populations, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations during spontaneous fermentation using metagenomics and population genetics to investigate microbial distribution and fungal contributions to the resultant wine. We found differentiation of fungi, yeasts, and S. cerevisiae between geographic origins (estate/vineyard), with influences from the grape variety. Growth and dominance of S. cerevisiae during fermentation reshaped the fungal community and showed geographic structure at the strain level.