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The protein and mRNA expressions of c-fos were significantly increased during the polarization of THP-1 cells into M2 macrophages induced by IL-4. The specific markers showed the characteristics of M2 macrophages polarization at 24 h (CD86 protein decreased, CD274 and CD163 protein increased). Conclusion C-fos plays an important role in the polarization of THP-1 monocytes to macrophages. this website Moreover, it may be involved in the regulation of macrophage subtype polarization, by inhibiting the formation of M1 macrophage and promoting the polarization of macrophages to the M2 subtype.Objective To observe the effects of estrogen on cochlear spiral ganglia cell apoptosis in aged C57BL/6J mice, and to explore the possible mechanism of estrogen's protective effects on senile deafness. Methods Forty C57BL/6J mice were divided into the following four groups (10 mice/group) 3 m group (3 months old group), 12 m group (12 months old sham operation group); In the 12 m OVX group (ovariectomized at 12 months), bilateral oophorectomy was performed at the age of 9 months and normal feeding was performed until the age of 12 months.The 12m OVX+E2 group (estrogen intervention group) underwent bilateral oophorectomy at 9 months of age. After the one-month washout period, mice in the other groups were treated with estrogen at the dose of 100 μg/(kg·d) by subcutaneous injection, lasting 2 months to 12 months old. Mice in the other groups were fed normally.Blood samples were collected from the tail vein at the end of the treatment in 12 m OVX+E2 group. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) was used to dcompanied by an increased loss of spiral ganglion cells, and increased apoptosis (P＜0.01). Meanwhile, the mRNA levels of apoptotic protein Caspase-3 and Bax were increased (P＜0.01), while the mRNA level of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was decreased (P＜0.01). After exogenous estrogen was given to the 12 m OVX+E2 group, the hearing threshold was lower than that in 12 m OVX group(P＜0.01). At the same time, the apoptosis of helical ganglion cells was reduced, the mRNA levels of Caspase-3 and Bax were decreased (P＜0.01), and the Bcl-2 mRNA level was increased (P＜0.01). Conclusion Estrogen inhibited apoptosis of cochlear spiral ganglion cells in aged C57BL/6J mice ,thus achieving a protective effect on presbycusis.

To summary the standardized management in research and applications of platelet derivatives for tissue regeneration.

The related literature about bottlenecks and standardized management of platelet derivatives in recent years was reviewed and analyzed.

Although the platelet derivatives are increasingly used to accelerate the regenerative processes of injured joint, skin, nerve, ligament/tendon, and alveolar bone,

., the large variation in preparation methods, diverse nomenclature, incomplete reporting system, and lack of quantitative and standardized management of the preparation process have caused uncertainty and incomparability of research and application results. In recent years, there has been a trend towards standardized research and management of platelet derivatives.

The implementation of standardized research and quality management will contribute to promote the research and application of platelet derivatives in the field of tissue regeneration.

The implementation of standardized research and quality management will contribute to promote the research and application of platelet derivatives in the field of tissue regeneration.

To review the research progress of peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration, and to provide reference for its related basic research and clinical treatment.

The pathophysiology of peripheral nerve after injury, several main factors affecting the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerve, and the fate of axon after mismatch regeneration were summarized by referring to the relevant literature at home and abroad in recent years.

Distal pathways and target organs can selectively affect the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; different phenotypes of Schwann cells have different effects on the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves; studying the mechanism of action of exosomes from different Schwann cells on different types of axons can provide a new direction for solving the mismatch regeneration of peripheral nerves.

Peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration is affected by various factors. However, the specific mechanism and characteristics of these factors remain to be further studied.

Peripheral nerve mismatch regeneration is affected by various factors. However, the specific mechanism and characteristics of these factors remain to be further studied.

To summarize the current progress of vascularized bone grafting in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), and to provide reference for treatment of ONFH.

The literature at home and abroad on the treatment of ONFH with vascularized bone grafting was reviewed, and the mechanism, operating methods and effectiveness, indications, and complications were summarized.

Vascularized bone grafting is a commonly used clinical hip-preserving operation. By replacing necrotic bone tissue with vascularized bone, it can rebuild the blood circulation system, promote the healing of the necrotic area, and provide biomechanical support for the necrotic area of the femoral head, prevent the joint surface collapse. The main operations include the vascularized iliac bone flap grafting, the vascularized greater trochanter bone flap grafting, and the vascularized fibular grafting. The clinical application has achieved certain effectiveness, and the different procedures are suitable for different types of patients. The procedures need to be selected based on the patient's overall condition, the cause of ONFH, the necrosis stage, and the degree of the evaluation.

Vascularized bone grafting has a definite effectiveness in the treatment of ONFH in the young and middle-aged. It can significantly improve hip joint function, control the further development of the disease to a great extent, effectively delay or even avoid hip arthroplasty. It is a reliable hip-preserving operation worthy of promotion.

Vascularized bone grafting has a definite effectiveness in the treatment of ONFH in the young and middle-aged. It can significantly improve hip joint function, control the further development of the disease to a great extent, effectively delay or even avoid hip arthroplasty. It is a reliable hip-preserving operation worthy of promotion.