Padgettalbert4116

Since the revolution in solid state electronics, many innovative principles were investigated for a better and simpler design. Thus, Hall effect-based sensors and instruments gained importance. To employ this principle in several operating conditions and with different setups, several researchers contributed significantly over the decades, which ultimately led to the establishment of industries producing a wide range of Hall devices. The objective of this paper is to review the available configurations and current status of the Hall effect-based technologies. A detailed discussion is carried out on the various types of existing Hall-based devices, such as linear sensors, field-programmable sensors, switches, latches, speed and directional sensors, and vane sensors. The effect of materials and the influence of several undesired effects (such as offset voltage, temperature, noise, and drift) are also investigated. The compensation/reduction techniques are mentioned therein, and interested researchers are encouraged for the development of new techniques. This paper concludes with the discussion on the market scenario (such as electronics sector and automotive industry) and progression in current research on Hall devices while projecting some new research directions in this field.Soft x-ray (SXR) tomography is a key diagnostic method for impurity transport study in tokamaks since it allows for local impurity density reconstruction. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) radiative environment in deuterium-deuterium and deuterium-tritium phases will limit the choices of SXR detector technologies, and gas detectors are one of the most promising solutions. In this paper, we, thus, investigate the SXR tomography possibilities on ITER using Low Voltage Ionization Chambers (LVICs). The study contains the development of a LVIC synthetic diagnostic and its application to estimate the LVIC tomographic capabilities in an ITER D-T scenario, including the influence of LVIC parameters and noise in the measurements.A gradient spin echo enhanced proton precession magnetometer is a novel system, which can measure the first order gradient of the background field in addition to the magnetic field. The system includes a conventional proton precession magnetometer equipped with a Maxwell coil pair and electronics, which allow us to conduct the gradient spin echo experiment. In the gradient spin echo process, based on the background gradient field, the switching gradient field, and the switching reversal time, the spin echo signal forms at a theoretically predictable time. The important advantage of this approach is that in contrast to conventional proton gradiometers, which measure the magnetic field difference between two different points, the gradient spin echo enhanced proton magnetometer measures the field gradient at the same position where the magnetic field is being measured. It is shown that by using this system, the background gradient field is measured with an average root mean square error of 0.02 µT/m for gradient fields in the range of -0.25 µT/m to +0.25 µT/m. By optimization of this system, the mentioned error could be significantly decreased, and the instrument could be used for many different applications.Use of complex state-of-the art detectors and monitors is essential to carry out high-energy and nuclear physics experiments at accelerator/collider facilities. The detectors are used to monitor charged particle beam parameters at large accelerator facilities such as coherent light sources and to develop new state-of-the art accelerators. PFI-3 Improvements in beam quality and lifetime necessitate the advancement of the instrumentation for successful operation of the accelerator facilities. Minimization of the beam-line-inserted devices' influence on the beam is therefore one of the essential considerations during the design of such facilities and the preparation of experiments. In this paper, we suggest and discuss a roadmap to minimize this influence. It is developed using fundamental concepts and numerical modeling, and we show that this is a multi-stage and multi-parametric problem that needs careful consideration. To illustrate the roadmap, the vacuum vessel for the vertex locator detector (CERN) is used. The results are discussed and, using them, the steps and stages of the design optimization are suggested. The suggested procedure can be applied to optimize the design of any beamline insertion device and will contribute to the development of next generation particle/accelerator detectors and monitors.We designed a four-legged linear ultrasonic motor with a new structure. It uses the in-plane first-order longitudinal vibration mode and the out-of-plane anti-symmetric vibration mode, which are superimposed to produce linear motion. The motor consists of a stator and four groups of eight piezoelectric ceramic sheets. Under the excitation of a two-phase high voltage signal, the out-of-plane bending vibration and in-plane longitudinal vibration are generated in the stator. These vibrations alternately drive the motor through the front two driving feet and the back two driving feet, which leads to an elliptical motion. Thus, the four feet can effectively drive a slider to move in a straight line. An experimental prototype was fabricated with a size of 600 × 160 mm. The experimental results show that with a 200 V driving voltage, the maximum translational speed can reach 135 mm/s and the maximum thrust is 3.6 N. The motor has the advantages of simple structure and high output efficiency, which make it have a good prospect in precision systems and industrial applications.In this article, we present a study on the optimization of the analytical performance of a commercial hand-held laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument for steel analysis. We show how the performances of the instrument can be substantially improved using a non-linear calibration approach based on a set of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs), one optimized for the determination of the major elements of the alloy, and the others specialized for the analysis of minor components. Tests of the instrument on steel samples used for instrument internal calibration demonstrate a comparable accuracy with the results of the ANNs, while the latter are considerably more accurate when unknown samples, not used for calibration/training, are tested.