Haganhowe0206

New non-invasive approaches have developed for diagnosis and treatment of malignant diseases. Cells shed from the primary tumor circulating in the bloodstream with metastasis potential are called Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs). These cells are easily acquired from the peripheral blood of patients, while several enrichment and isolation methods are available nowadays with different benefits and positive detection rates. A brief characterization of three major categories of detection is described (nucleic acid-based, physical properties-based, antibody-based). In this review we concentrate on gynecological malignancies and how CTCs could be used in the diagnosis of cancer, treatment management and its effective prognosis and early recurrence detection. Presence of CTCs in endometrial cancer patients show worse overall survival, while gene analysis could identify patients in need of systemic therapy after surgical treatment to prevent metastasis and recurrence. Based on the influence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer, viral oncogene transcripts could be used as an ideal marker for cervical cancer cells detection. In ovarian cancer, CTCs could help in the differentiation from benign adnexal masses and show a high independence from other biomarkers such as CA125 and HE4. While detection of CTC after complete cytoreductive surgery could indicate invisible lesions, combination of tumor associated genes rises the specificity of CTC detection.PURPOSE The purpose of this article was to review the current medical literature regarding deterioration of anorectal function in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy before surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer. METHODS We reviewed the current literature including research studies, electronic database PUBMED-MEDLINE, published research results and metanalysis papers from high-volume institutes, collecting and comparing the different results. Pathophysiology as well as emerging solutions for treating anorectal sphincter dysfunction were researched in order to provide an insight of this complex issue. RESULTS All available data suggest that neoadjuvant radiation therapy impairs internal anal sphincter function mostly through nerve damaging mechanisms, as nerves are more susceptible to damage than muscular fibers. CONCLUSION Current radiotherapy recommendations are oriented in exclusion of anal canal from radiation field when oncologically safe or using new sphincter-sparing techniques for neoadjuvant radiotherapy aiming to improve the patient quality of life receiving radiation therapy prior to surgery. However, more well designed studies are required to assess the pathophysiology as well as treatment options for this complex matter, which strongly affects the quality of life of rectal cancer patients.PURPOSE In this review, we focused on presenting an up-to-date overview of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and their therapeutically perspectives in colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the PUBMED database through February 2019 to identify all studies concerning the role of miRNAs and exosomes in CRC. RESULTS Among the 77 studies identified, 43 articles were relevant for the collaboration of miRNAs and exosomes as therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities in CRC. CONCLUSIONS This review reveals the role of exosomal miRNAs in CRC management and discusses the promises and challenges associated with the introduction of this combination into clinical practice.Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of the large intestine are extremely rare entities that constitute approximately 5% of the reported GISTs and approximately 0.1% of all cancers of colon and rectum. Almost 85-95% of GISTs contain a mutation in the c-kit tyrosine kinase and positive expression of the CD117 antigen (c-KIT). About 5% of GISTs appear to be c-kit-negative and usually have a mutation on the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-a (PDGFR-a). Compared to other GISTs, GISTs of the colon demonstrate different prevalence, incidence between various population subgroups, clinical appearance, molecular biology, treatment and prognosis. These parameters differ further depending on the GISTs primary site (colon, rectum or anus). The aim of this article was to review the current literature of those rare tumors.The designation of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPi) as scientific breakthrough of the year 2013 marked a turning point in cancer therapeutics, unleashing the host immune system against tumors. ICPi block the cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), the programmed cell death protein (PD) 1 (PD-1), and the ligand of the latter (PD-L1) ‒the landmark immune checkpoints‒abrogating the escape of cancer cells from immunosurveillance. Despite the durable antitumor response elicited by ICPi in an expanding list of cancer types and a substantial fraction of patients, the resistance to this modality ‒primary and acquired‒ has inspired research on combinational regimens to reinvigorate immunosurveillance in immune-refractory tumors. Besides various combinations of ICPi with other ICPi, targeted therapies, chemotherapy, and radiation, emphasis is placed on identification of novel partners of ICPi. Scientists capitalize on repurposing already-approved drugs to overcome τhe diminishing efficiency of commercial drug research and development. Denosumab, a human monoclonal immunoglobulin antibody inhibiting receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), is excellent candidate for repurposing in oncology, given its anticancer potential and accepted safety profile. Originally approved as anti-osteoporotic agent inhibiting the osteoclast driven bone resorption, denosumab has demonstrated multifaceted anticancer efficacy, beyond abolishing the osteoclast-dependent RANKL signaling. The present review provides a comprehensive overview of the preclinical and clinical evidence indicating denosumab as effective partner of ICPi, emphasizing the mechanisms underlying the enhanced anticancer efficacy of this combination as compared to monotherapies. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/scutellarin.html Current challenges and future perspectives in incorporating the combination of ICPi with denosumab in clinical practice are discussed.