Fengerhagan6804

We are optimistic that populations of many threatened species can recover, and extinctions can be prevented, but only if concerted large-scale efforts are made soon and if these efforts include primate habitat restoration. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.Hypophysitis is characterized by inflammation of the pituitary gland that can be primary (PH) or secondary (SH) to other diseases or following drug administration. It may also be classified according to anatomical and histopathological criteria leading to variable degrees of hypopituitarism and/or compressive symptoms to nearby structures. There has recently been an increase in the number of hypophysitis cases raising the interest on the spectrum of its pathogenesis, clinical presentation, biochemical/endocrinological and imaging features . However, the use of conventional biomarkers, including currently utilized pituitary autoantibodies, has relatively limited diagnostic accuracy. Lymphocytic hypophysitis (LH) is the most common cause of PH whereas IgG4-related hypophysitis is increasingly being recognized. Histiocytosis and granulomatous diseases are the most frequent causes of SH, although infections and lymphoma have also been reported. The increasing use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in oncology is associated with a high incidence of hypophysitis, providing further understanding of its pathogenesis. Hypophysitis can occur silently and be easily missed, potentially leading to substantial morbidity or mortality due to adrenal insufficiency requiring a high index of clinical suspicion and timely initiation of appropriate treatment. In most cases of LH or drug-induced hypophysitis active surveillance along with replacement of established hormonal deficiencies is needed. In the presence of compressive and/or evolving symptoms treatment with glucocorticoids either alone or in combination with other immunosuppressive agents can be used. Surgical decompression is reserved for non-responsive cases threating vital structures. Timely diagnosis and intervention are important to minimize disease related morbidity and mortality. We aim to review current concepts and recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hypophysitis. © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.The parasellar region, located around the sella turcica, is an anatomically complex area representing a crossroads for important adjacent structures. Several lesions -including tumoral, inflammatory vascular- and infectious diseases may affect this area. Although invasive pituitary tumors are the most common neoplasms encountered within the parasellar region, other tumoral (and cystic) lesions can also be detected. Craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, as well as Rathke's cleft cysts, chordomas, and ectopic pituitary tumors can primarily originate from the parasellar region. Except for hormone-producing ectopic pituitary tumors, signs and symptoms of these lesions are usually nonspecific, due to a mass effect on the surrounding anatomical structures (i.e. headache, visual defects), while a clinically relevant impairment of endocrine function (mainly anterior hypopituitarism and/or diabetes insipidus) can be present if the pituitary gland is displaced or compressed. Differential diagnosis of parasellar lesions mainly relies on magnetic resonance imaging, which should be interpreted by neuroradiologists skilled on base skull imaging. To date, neurosurgery is the main treatment, alone or in combination with radiotherapy. Of note, recent studies have identified gene mutations or signaling pathway modulators that represent potential candidates for the development of targeted therapies, particularly for craniopharyngiomas and meningiomas. In summary, parasellar lesions still represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. A deeper knowledge of this complex anatomical site, the improvement of imaging tools, as well as novel insights in the pathophysiology of presenting lesions are strongly needed to improve the management of parasellar lesions. . © 2020 S. Karger AG, Basel.Recently, various two-dimensional (2D) materials have been employed in charge trapping memories as the charge trapping layer instead of conventional metal/semiconductor thin films or discrete particles. Such ultra-thin charge trapping layers are beneficial to the development of miniaturized devices, which is a trend in modern semiconductor technology. 2D MoS2 is an alternative charge trapping material, but previous investigations have been limited to their multilayers. Here, we present the study on employing monolayer MoS2 as charge trapping layer in charge trapping devices. We found that intrinsic monolayer MoS2 is less effective for charge trapping; while defective monolayer MoS2 shows enhanced charge storage capacity. By employing argon plasma treatments, we are able to control the defect density in monolayer MoS2 and the memory window of monolayer MoS2 based charge trapping devices can vary from 1.01 to 5.14 V at a sweeping voltage of ±20 V and program/erase slope from 0.06 to 0.32. Optimized devices show ∼1 ms program/erase speed, >70% charge retention after ∼7000 s and good endurance properties with >1000 cycles. The enhancement of the memory window is attributed to the localized charge tapping sites in defected monolayer MoS2. This work would provide insights for the improvement of storage capacity through defects engineering in the atomically thin 2D materials.To enhance therapeutic efficiency and reduce side effects in drug delivery and chemotherapy, imaging-guided nanoscale systems have attracted tremendous attention in recent decades. In this study, we developed a novel method to fabricate a novel colchicine/gadolinium-loaded tubulin self-assembly nanocarrier (Col-Gd@Tub NC) for imaging-guided chemotherapy of glioma. The Col-Gd@Tub NCs were spontaneously formed via tubulin self-assembly, subsequently were functionalized by colchicine and gadolinium element. These resultant Col-Gd@Tub NCs with a diameter of 45 nm exhibited uniform particle size distribution and favorable stability without leakage of gadolinium in water. selleck inhibitor Meanwhile, the introduction of gadolinium endowed Col-Gd@Tub NCs with highly T1-weighted MRI performance in vitro. After tail vein injection, Col-Gd@Tub NCs exhibited excellent MRI contrast capability and relatively long circulation time (~12 h), finally cleared out from bladder. More significantly, the binding colchicine still exerted anti-tumor effect after Col-Gd@Tub NCs were uptook by tumor cells.