Kvistmoses3201

In general sputtering, material characteristics can be degraded by high-energy particles located inside the plasma owing to the thin film surface. However, facing target sputtering (FTS) can be used to produce high-quality thin films through maximum control over substrate damage and the reduction of layer damage caused by high-energy particles impacting the substrate. Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are being applied to a variety of technologies, including displays and solar cells. The typical transparent electrode material is indium tin oxide (ITO), which contains rare and expensive raw materials. Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) has attracted increasing attention as a substitute to ITO because it is composed of abundantly available resources and is generally inexpensive. In this study, an AZO thin film was prepared using an FTS system for heterojunction solar cells. The effects of the deposition substrate temperature on the resulting electrical conductivity, structural properties, and optical properties of the AZO thin films were examined.Ultraviolet (UV) sensors have application in many different areas such as flame and hightemperature detection, space research, environmental monitoring, ozone layer monitoring, and missile warning systems. Among them, ZnO thin-film-based UV sensors have been attracting attention among research groups and are being continuously studied. The incorporation of ZnO/organic hybrid structures into solar cells and other photoelectrochemical applications has been extensively reported. However, little research has been performed on ZnO/polymer-based UV sensors. In this study, a simple UV sensor based on an AlZnO/polymer is demonstrated. Al-doped ZnO enables effective UV detection with excellent performance at low operating voltages using a simple and inexpensive process.To treat and improve skin condition, photo masks using LEDs have been developed and widely marketed to consumers. However, since the skin condition of the user varies, it is difficult to simulate suitable conditions, because various variables such as light output intensity and irradiation time must be applied to the mask development. see more Currently, photo masks on the market were developed considering only the parameters related to light irradiation. Existing products do not consider the burning sensation after skin treatment and skin temperature increase from the use of masks, which has been causing user inconvenience. In this paper, the LED light cold mask was designed, fabricated, and analyzed for light output characteristics to control wavelength selection and output to maximize the therapeutic effect of various LED lights. Additionally, circulating water was used to eliminate the burning sensation caused by the use of LED masks. The temperature of the circulating water was lowered below 10 °C using a thermoelectric element and PT100 Ω temperature sensor. An infrared temperature sensor was used to measure the skin temperature in real time. When the skin temperature increased by 0.5 °C, the water was cooled and circulated. As a result, it was confirmed that the temperature of the skin could be maintained uniformly within the set temperature range.We have studied the oxidation behaviors of aluminum (Al) nanopowders with different particle sizes using a real-time synchrotron X-ray scattering during annealing in air. The Al nanopowders with small particle size of 78 nm at room temperature (RT) were a single crystal. The surface of the nanopowders was first oxidized to amorphous Al oxide near 450 °C, and then crystallized to γ-Al₂O₃ phase at 550 °C. The inside of the nanopowders existed as crystal Al phase at 680 °C, high compared to the melting temperature of Al bulk, 660 °C. In contrast, the Al nanopowders with large particle size of 816 nm at RT have multi grains inside a particle. The surface and grain boundary of the powders were first oxidized to amorphous Al oxide near 470 °C, and then crystallized to γ-Al₂O₃ phase at 550 °C. The inside of the powders existed as amorphous Al phase at 620 °C, melted at 656 °C, and then oxidized gradually above 656 °C.In the aviation industry, the process of de-icing is critical for stable flying because of the occurrence of airplane icing. To solve the icing problem, an electrical heating system is applied for airplane de-icing. Among the materials used in the electrical heating system, carbon-nanotube polymer composites are appropriate for an ice-prevention system owing to their rapid heating properties and flexibility. In this study, we fabricated a flexible carbon-nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite with a high content of carbon nanotube (20 wt%) for airplane de-icing. The high-load carbon nanotube composite was fabricated using a three-roll milling method, resulting in uniform dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the polymer matrix. The carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composites exhibited uniform and stable heating performance (from room temperature to 100 °C for 25 s without thermal aggregation). In addition, the carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite is suitable for application to the curved surface of airfoils. For the de-icing experiments, a small airplane wing consisting of carbon nanotube/polydimethylsiloxane composite as a heating unit was fabricated with a scale ratio of 151. We conducted electrical heating and de-icing experiments using the developed airplane-wing system for actual anti-icing/de-icing applications.A transparent superhydrophobic surface was fabricated from ZnO nanorods grown on Si and glass substrates in a thermal furnace for industrial applications such as surface coating. Two types of glasses were used for the substrates slide glass and Corning glass. The ZnO nanorods were then coated with PTFE using existing sputtering technology and then grown on the glasses. The optical transparency and processing temperature of the nanorods on the substrates with and without a ZnO buffer layer were investigated, for comparison. The superhydrophobic surface formed on Corning glass with a 50-nm-thick ZnO buffer layer exhibited a transparency of 80% or higher and a water contact angle of 150° or higher in the visible light region. High optical transmittance of the superhydrophobic surface was achieved by controlling the size and growth direction of the nanorods. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the nanorods on the glass substrates were thicker than those on Si, and the nanorods predominantly grew in the vertical direction on the buffer layer.