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BACKGROUND Cryptogenic stroke has been used to identify ischemic strokes with no identified cause; however, this classification is limited by the lack of a standardized and thorough evaluation. Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source is used to define those strokes with no identified cause after a standardized diagnostic workup. METHODS We conducted a literature review from January 1, 2014, to July 31, 2020 including the term "ESUS." RESULTS Embolic stroke of undetermined source accounts for approximately 25% of ischemic strokes and is used to classify patients with no identified cause of stroke despite routine brain imaging, noninvasive vascular imaging of the head and neck, a minimum of 24 hours of cardiac monitoring, and echocardiography. Studies have shown that these strokes may be caused by occult atrial fibrillation, occult malignancy, and other hypercoagulable states but are often identified after hospital discharge. The risk of recurrent stroke in ESUS patients remains high at 4.5% per year on single ts after discharge.

INTRODUCTION Accurate communication of information regarding fluctuations in level of consciousness is critical. It is, important for nurses to understand terms related to consciousness to appropriately assess and implement plans of care. CONTENT Although the neurobiology of consciousness is complex and multifaceted, consciousness can be conceptualized as having 2 distinct but interrelated dimensions arousal and awareness. The different levels of consciousness are thought to fall on a continuum ranging from being fully awake to coma. CONCLUSION This article focuses on the terms of consciousness, awareness, and arousal along with nursing implications where appropriate.

INTRODUCTION Accurate communication of information regarding fluctuations in level of consciousness is critical. It is, important for nurses to understand terms related to consciousness to appropriately assess and implement plans of care. CONTENT Although the neurobiology of consciousness is complex and multifaceted, consciousness can be conceptualized as having 2 distinct but interrelated dimensions arousal and awareness. The different levels of consciousness are thought to fall on a continuum ranging from being fully awake to coma. CONCLUSION This article focuses on the terms of consciousness, awareness, and arousal along with nursing implications where appropriate.

Transgender people-those whose gender identity differs from their sex assigned at birth-are at risk for health disparities resulting from stressors such as discrimination and violence. Transgender people report more drug use than cisgender people; however, it is unclear whether they have higher likelihood of drug use disorders. We examined whether transgender patients have increased likelihood of documented drug use disorders relative to cisgender patients in the national Veterans Health Administration (VA).

Electronic health record data were extracted for VA outpatients from 10/1/09 to 7/31/17. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Estradiol.html Transgender status and past-year documentation of drug use disorders (any, opioid, amphetamine, cocaine, cannabis, sedative, hallucinogen) were measured using diagnostic codes. Logistic regression models estimated odds ratios for drug use disorders among transgender compared to cisgender patients, adjusted for age, race/ethnicity and year. Effect modification by presence of ≥1 mental health condition was tested usrs to accessing treatment and harm reduction services faced by transgender people.

Many health professionals working with teenage and young adult cancer patients (TYA-HPs) do not provide advice on physical activity, dietary intake, smoking cessation, and alcohol consumption as part of routine cancer care.

The aim of this study was to understand TYA-HPs' perspectives on the provision of health behavior advice and preferences on an intervention to help develop their health promotion skills.

In-depth, semistructured interviews were conducted with 26 TYA-HPs (12 nurses, 8 clinicians, and 6 allied health professionals) whose average time working with teenage and young adult (TYA) cancer patients was 8 years. Each interview followed the same semistructured guide, which was based upon constructs of the COM-B model of behavior change (capability, physical opportunity, social opportunity, reflective motivation, and automatic motivation), transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the Framework analysis.

Overall, TYA-HPs recognized the value and importance of promoting health behaviors but felt that their capability to provide health behavior advice was limited by the availability of, and access to, good-quality evidence linking health behavior to cancer outcomes. The TYA-HPs expressed confusion over professional responsibility to provide choices.

The TYA-HPs recognize health behavior promotion to be a core part of TYA cancer care but feel ill-equipped to provide such advice to patients.

Mapped to constructs of the COM-B model of behavior, these findings suggest that TYA-HPs would benefit from cross-multidisciplinary team support for improved access to TYA-specific resources covering key health behaviors and skills-based training on delivering lifestyle advice.

Mapped to constructs of the COM-B model of behavior, these findings suggest that TYA-HPs would benefit from cross-multidisciplinary team support for improved access to TYA-specific resources covering key health behaviors and skills-based training on delivering lifestyle advice.

Understanding the prevalence and correlates of exercise in Korean cancer patients is important to improve their health-related fitness and quality of life.

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and correlates of aerobic and strength exercise in Korean cancer patients.

Overall, 640 cancer patients from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2014-2016 were categorized as meeting the exercise guidelines as follows (a) neither, (b) strength only, (c) aerobic only, or (d) combined. Correlates included demographic, medical, health-related fitness, and quality of life variables. Univariate and stepwise multinomial logistic regression were used for statistical analyses.

Over 70% of Korean cancer patients did not meet either exercise guideline. Higher education was associated with being more likely to meet the combined (odds ratio [OR], 4.69; P < .001), aerobic-only (OR, 3.58; P < .001), and strength-only (OR, 1.87; P = .042) guidelines. Higher hand-grip strength (per 10 kg) was associated with being more likely to meet the combined (OR, 1.