Huntercase5102

Classical dynamic theories of decision making assume that responses are triggered by accumulating a threshold amount of information. Recently, there has been a growing appreciation that the passage of time also plays a role in triggering responses. We propose that decision processes are composed of 2 diffusive accumulation mechanisms-1 evidence-based and 1 time-based-that compete in an independent race architecture. We show that this timed racing diffusion model (TRDM) provides a unified, comprehensive, and quantitatively accurate explanation of key decision phenomena-including the effects of implicit and explicit deadlines and the relative speed of correct and error responses under speed-accuracy trade-offs-without requiring additional mechanisms that have been criticized as being ad hoc in theoretical motivation and difficult to estimate, such as trial-to-trial variability parameters, collapsing thresholds, or urgency signals. In contrast, our addition is grounded in a widely validated account of time-estimation performance, enabling the same mechanism to simultaneously account for interval estimation and decision making with an explicit deadline. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Objective This study evaluated correlates of mental health stigma among treatment providers, including whether provider attitudes, conceptualizations, and treatment recommendations regarding serious mental illness (SMI) may differ depending on client demographic characteristics. GSK269962A price Methods A total of 246 providers (medical students, psychology trainees, and licensed clinical psychologists) and 98 community members completed an online survey including measures of mental illness stigma and questions regarding a vignette of a person presenting to an emergency department (ER) with primary complaints of pain and a historical schizophrenia diagnosis. The vignette demographics were randomly varied using 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design including race (Black/White), housing status (housed/homeless), and criminal justice history (arrest/no arrest). Results Providers endorsed mental health stigma at varying levels compared with the community sample, with medical students demonstrating the highest stigma. Prior experience working with psychiatric populations was associated with lower stigma. Providers were more likely to conceptualize homeless ER presentations as potentially due to a lack of resources or substance dependence and were less likely to conceptualize ER presentations with arrest histories as pain related. Homeless vignettes were more likely to be referred for social services and vignettes with arrest histories were less likely to be referred for follow-up pain services. Conclusions and Implications for Practice Findings suggest that individuals with SMI and additional marginalized identities likely experience exacerbated stigma within treatment settings, and this may also influence treatment decision-making. There is a need to consider intersectionality in future research and interventions for decreasing mental health stigma in healthcare settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Perceived partner responsiveness (PPR; Reis & Shaver, Handbook of personal relationships, 1988, Wiley)-the belief that one's partner will attend to core concerns-is a construct in basic relationship research that can help evaluate intimacy in couple therapy. However, research into PPR is hampered by a lack of standardized measurement. Three studies were undertaken to develop and evaluate an optimized self-report PPR measure. In Study 1, n = 2,334 respondents completed 246 candidate items derived from 19 PPR measures. Exploratory factor analyses identified two underlying dimensions, Responsiveness and Insensitivity. Item response theory was used to develop two 8-item subscales for the Perceived Responsiveness and Insensitivity scale (PRI), both of which showed incremental prediction over global satisfaction. In Study 2, n = 173 respondents completed the brief PRI along with measures of global relationship evaluations and concrete relationship behaviors every other week for 8 weeks. Random intercept cross-lagged panel models found the PRI subscales were more sensitive than global evaluations to fluctuations in support and conflict. In Study 3, n = 161 heterosexual couples completed the brief PRI along with self-reports of responsive and insensitive behaviors. Actor-partner interdependence models demonstrated the PRI subscales were associated with partners' self-reported behaviors even after controlling for own behaviors. Thus, the PRI offers a PPR measure that demonstrates desirable properties for treatment research including (a) incremental validity over global satisfaction, (b) ability to detect meaningful change over time, and (c) sensitivity to partners' behaviors in the relationship. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Dance festival attendees are at high risk for consuming adulterated drugs. In recent years, drug checking studies have been conducted at various dance festivals to provide valuable harm reduction information to attendees regarding drug content. We conducted a review of the literature to determine the generalizability of findings to the target population of interest-festival attendees at risk for using adulterated drugs. Six published studies involving drug checking at festivals were reviewed. All relied on self-selected samples and male attendees were overrepresented based on previous research. Test methods, drugs tested, definitions of adulteration, and prevalence of adulteration varied across studies. Prevalence of detection of adulterants ranged from 11% to 55%. While the drug checking services described appear to have been beneficial for participants, results have limited generalizability to the target population. We recommend that researchers expand beyond the self-selection model in future studies and utilize recruitment methods that involve random sampling techniques such as systematic random sampling, stratified random sampling, or time-space sampling within festivals. We also recommend that individuals approached are surveyed for demographic characteristics, planned drug use at the festival, and willingness to test their drugs. These methods would help determine how representative the sample is compared to the target population and allow for more generalizable estimates. In conclusion, as these valuable harm reduction services expand, it may be possible to reach a wider portion of the population at risk and to obtain more generalizable estimates of engagement, adulteration, and reactions to learning one possesses adulterated drugs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).