Mcneilbonner4391

Forty percent of radiographers reported involvement in intravenous injections, most commonly for CT and intravenous urography procedures. Both radiographers and radiologists supported the involvement of radiographers in a range of examination types however responses vary within and between hospitals. CONCLUSION This study concluded that radiography role extension activities are widely implemented at hospitals in Oman and that radiographers have sufficient skills and education for participating in these activities. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The involvement of radiographers in role extension activities is believed to be cost and time effective, improve teamwork and has potential for significant service delivery benefits. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. INTRODUCTION Adhering to test administration and standardized instructions is important for attainment of accurate and reliable results in performance-based tests. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY To determine test-retest and interrater reliability of standardized translated instruction (St-TI) and spontaneously translated instruction (Sp-TI) of a hand function test. METHODS Four raters and seventy-two subjects were divided into 2 groups St-TI group, direct administration of the Hong Kong Chinese version of the Jebsen Hand Function Test to subjects by raters; and Sp-TI group, spontaneously translating the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test from English into Chinese by raters. Test-retest and interrater reliability were calculated based on instruction time by the rater and performance time by the subject. RESULTS Test-retest and interrater reliability of instruction time by rater for St-TI has intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.35 to 0.70 and 0.24 to 0.55, respectively, whereas that for Sp-TI was -0.50 to 0.18 and -0.09 to 0.51, respectively. Test-retest and interrater reliability of performance time by subject for St-TI was 0.56 to 0.84 and 0.33 to 0.78, respectively, whereas that for Sp-TI was 0.54 to 0.87 and 0.35 to 0.77, respectively. Sp-TI had two test-retest minimal detectable change percent values that fell within the acceptable range (subtest 3 = 21.9% and subtest 6 = 25.7%). CONCLUSION Instruction time by rater for Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test subtests had generally poor to moderate test-retest and interrater reliability for both St-TI and Sp-TI. Wortmannin molecular weight Performance time by subject generally had moderate to good reliability, except for St-TI with poor to good interrater reliability. Pre-euthanasia sedation or anesthesia offers many benefits. It allows the owners to spend time with their pet before euthanasia, improves safety for the person performing euthanasia and others who are present, decreases stress for the patient, reduces or eliminates the need for physical restraint for intravenous injection. Under anesthesia, non-intravenous routes may be used for administration of euthanasia solutions. Some drugs that do not require injection; the oral transmucosal route is noninvasive and suitable for several drugs or drug combinations. The oral route also is feasible, but there are fewer data available on suitable drugs and doses. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system (NDS) controls motor activity, and its impairment during type 2 diabetes (T2D) progression could increase Parkinson's disease risk in diabetics. If so, whether glycemia regulation prevents this impairment needs to be addressed. We investigated whether T2D impairs the NDS and whether dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition (DPP-4i; a clinical strategy against T2D but also neuroprotective in animal models) prevents this effect, in middle-aged mice. Neither T2D (induced by 12 months of high-fat diet) nor aging (14 months) changed striatal dopamine content assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography. However, T2D reduced basal and amphetamine-stimulated striatal extracellular dopamine, assessed by microdialysis. Both the DPP-4i linagliptin and the sulfonylurea glimepiride (an antidiabetic comparator unrelated to DPP-4i) counteracted these effects. The functional T2D-induced effects did not correlate with NDS neuronal/glial alterations. However, aging itself affected striatal neurons/glia, and the glia effects were counteracted mainly by DPP-4i. These findings show NDS functional pathophysiology in T2D and suggest the preventive use of two unrelated anti-T2D drugs. Moreover, DPP-4i counteracted striatal age-related glial alterations suggesting striatal rejuvenation properties. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and, despite decades of effort, there is no effective treatment. In the last decade, many association studies have identified genetic markers that are associated with AD status. Two of these studies suggest that an epistatic interaction between variants rs1049296 in the transferrin (TF) gene and rs1800562 in the homeostatic iron regulator (HFE) gene, commonly known as hemochromatosis, is in genetic association with AD. TF and HFE are involved in the transport and regulation of iron in the brain, and disrupting these processes exacerbates AD pathology through increased neurodegeneration and oxidative stress. However, by using a significantly larger data set from the Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Consortium, we fail to detect an association between TF rs1049296 or HFE rs1800562 with AD risk (TF rs1049296 p = 0.38 and HFE rs1800562 p = 0.40). In addition, logistic regression with an interaction term and a synergy factor analysis both failed to detect epistasis between TF rs1049296 and HFE rs1800562 (SF = 0.94; p = 0.48) in AD cases. Each of these analyses had sufficient statistical power (power > 0.99), suggesting that previously reported associations may be the result of more complex epistatic interactions, genetic heterogeneity, or false-positive associations because of limited sample sizes. PURPOSE For transscleral application of optical radiation or light to the eye, it is important to know the transmission and absorbance of the tissue layers of the eyewall. The impact of photochemical energy to the retina located directly at the point of contact with the radiation emitter must be considered as well as the absorbance in choroid and retina. Therefore, the direct transmission of ex vivo porcine eyewalls and vitreous body were measured in this study. METHODS At ex vivo porcine eyes (N=221) pressure dependent transmission measurements were performed with a pressure inducing setup. Pressure and wavelength dependent direct transmission of eyewall and vitreous body of porcine eyes were described for different applied pressures (23mmHg, 78mmHg and 132mmHg). The transmissions were investigated within the spectral range of 350-1050nm. In addition to the complete eyewall transmission measurements, the transmission of sclera, vitreous body and water was measured individually and the transmission of retina and choroid was calculated.