Durhamandresen6950

The effect of localised head and neck per-cooling on central and peripheral fatigue during high thermal strain was investigated. Fourteen participants cycled for 60 min at 50% V̇O2peak on three occasions CON (18°C), HOT (35°C) and HOT with cooling (HOTcooling). Maximal voluntary force (MVF) and central activation ratio (CAR) of the knee extensors were measured every 30s during a sustained maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). Triplet peak force was measured following cycling, pre-and post the MVC. Rectal temperatures were higher in HOTcooling (39.2 ± 0.6°C) and HOT (39.3 ± 0.5°C) than CON (38.1 ± 0.3°C; P 0.05). Furthermore, they were greater in HOTcooling than HOT at 30s, whilst triplet peak force was preserved in HOT post-MVC. These results provide evidence that central fatigue following exercise in the heat is partially attenuated with head and neck cooling, which may be at the expense of greater peripheral fatigue. Novelty • Central fatigue was greatest during hyperthermia • Head and neck cooling partially attenuated the greater central fatigue in the heat • Per-cooling led to more voluntary force production and more peripheral fatigue.Despite the thermal instability of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with diameters of less than 1 nm, first-principles simulations indicate the possibility of selecting such narrow CNTs using laser pulses. The simulations suggested the possibility of selecting CNTs narrower than 1 nm under pulsed laser irradiation with a full width at half-maximum of 10 fs, a wavelength of 800 nm, and a maximum field intensity ranging from 4.5 to 5 V/Å when the polarization vector was set perpendicular to the CNT axis. This result was common to both zigzag and armchair CNTs, suggesting that the preferential survival of narrow CNTs is independent of the chirality. The mechanisms underlying the preferential survival of narrower CNTs are discussed from analogous simulations of graphene nanoribbons under various polarization directions of the laser field, and the possibility of selecting CNTs with subnanometer diameters is evaluated on the basis of the simulation results.Layered metal halides like BiI3 are of current interest in connection with both 2D materials and photovoltaics. Here, we present a facile new method for the preparation of millimeter-sized BiI3 single crystals. find more We use these crystals to study the surface reactivity of their (001) cleavage planes toward various environmental conditions by measuring morphological changes using atomic force microscopy and analyzing the formed species by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction methods. We find that freshly cleaved samples show atomically flat surface regions extending over several micrometers and reveal steps corresponding to single BiI3 layers. However, we also find that the surface deteriorates in air on a time scale of hours. By studying samples cleaved and stored under different conditions, we identify water as the agent initiating the changes in surface morphology, while under inert gas and dry oxygen, the surface stays intact. On the basis of the analysis of deteriorated long-term-stored samples we identify BiOI as the main product of hydrolysis. We also observe a second long-term decomposition route for samples stored under dynamic vacuum, where formation of BiI whiskers occurs. Overall, our findings emphasize the challenges associated with the surface reactivity of BiI3 but also demonstrate that well-ordered BiI3 surfaces can be obtained, which indicates that preparation of extended, atomically smooth BiI3 monolayers by exfoliation from bulk crystals should be possible.Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women in the United States, with late stages associated with the lowest survival rates. The latest stage, defined as metastasis, accounts for 90% of all cancer-related deaths. There is a strong need to develop antimetastatic therapies. TRAIL, or TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand, has been used as an antimetastatic therapy in the past, and conjugating TRAIL to nanoscale liposomes has been shown to enhance its targeting efficacy. When circulating tumor cells (CTCs) released during metastasis are exposed to TRAIL-conjugated liposomes and physiologically relevant fluid shear stress, this results in rapid cancer cell destruction into cell fragments. We sought to artificially recreate this phenomenon using probe sonication to mechanically disrupt cancer cells and characterized the resulting cell fragments, termed "tumor nano-lysate", with respect to size, charge, morphology, and composition. Furthermore, an in vivo pilot study was performed to investigate the efficacy of tumor nano-lysate as a preventative vaccine for breast cancer in an immunocompetent mouse model.The ability to rapidly modify the surface of materials is a powerful means of tailoring interfaces and interphases for a variety of applications. In this work we demonstrate the extensive scope of an electrochemically mediated surface modification technique, able to install a range of surface grafted polymers of varying polarity and functionality. The irreversible reduction of aryldiazonium salts initiates polymer growth, and provides a 'priming layer' for the polymers to attach to, covalently anchoring them to the surface. We show the broad applicability of this technique through polymerisation of 19 acrylate monomers, as well as a non-carbonyl bearing monomer species, styrene. Surface bound films were characterised using FT-IR, ellipsometry, and water contact angle.An intuitive design strategy for organic semiconductors with ultrasmall reorganization energy (λ) is proposed. Learning from a total of 98 molecules condensed by benzene and/or thiophene rings, we find that linear compounds in D2h symmetry have the smallest λ in each of the three molecular categories (PAHs, thienothiophenes, benzothiophenes). 2D expanded analogues that contain these D2h building blocks also give unusually small λ ( less then 100 meV). λ of 1D elongated polycyclics show an approximate linear correlation with the ring-averaged HOMA indices and the HOMO-LUMO gaps. Compared to the symmetry principle, the HOMA and energy gap, though much less intuitive to design a priori, provide additional quantitative guidelines to further optimize λ through substitutions, for example, when molecules have the same symmetries. Our results indicate that ring-fused π-conjugates that have narrower HOMO-LUMO gaps and are less aromatic are better candidates to achieve ultrasmall λ.