Ebsenhvid8411

Salix triandra belongs to section Amygdalinae in genus Salix, which is in a different section from the willow species in which sex determination has been well studied. Studying sex determination in distantly related willow species will help to clarify whether the sexes of different willows arise through a common sex determination system. For this purpose, we generated an intraspecific full-sib F1 population for S. triandra and constructed high-density genetic linkage maps for the crossing parents using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and following a two-way pseudo-testcross strategy. With the established maps, the sex locus was positioned in linkage group XV only in the maternal map, and no sex linkage was detected in the paternal map. Consistent with previous findings in other willow species, our study showed that chromosome XV was the incipient sex chromosome and that females were the heterogametic sex in S. B102 inhibitor triandra. Therefore, sex in this willow species is also determined through a ZW sex determination system. We further performed fine mapping in the vicinity of the sex locus with SSR markers. By comparing the physical and genetic distances for the target interval encompassing the sex determination gene confined by SSRs, severe recombination repression was revealed in the sex determination region in the female map. The recombination rate in the confined interval encompassing the sex locus was approximately eight-fold lower than the genome-wide average. This study provides critical information relevant to sex determination in S. triandra.Liriodendron tulipifera, also known as tuliptree, is a popular ornamental horticultural plant with extraordinary tulip-shaped flowers characterized by an orange band near their base. The mechanisms underlying petal band-specific pigmentation during L. tulipifera flower development are unclear. Here, we combined nontargeted and targeted metabolomics and transcriptomics to identify a pathway cascade leading to carotenoid biosynthesis that is specifically activated in the petal band. The comparative analysis of carotenoid metabolites between L. tulipifera and Liriodendron hybrids indicates that γ-carotene, a rare carotene in plants, is the most likely orange pigment responsible for the coloration of the petal band. Phenotypic and transcriptomic analyses of developing petals reveal that the band area is first predefined by the loss of green color. Later, the band is maintained by locally activating and repressing carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis genes, respectively. Two rate-limiting genes of carotene biosynthesis, carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO) and epsilon lycopene cyclase (ε-LCY), encode the core enzymes responsible for petal band-specific orange pigmentation in L. tulipifera. In particular, a putative additional ε-LCY copy specific to L. tulipifera may contribute to the distinct petal coloration pattern, compared with L. chinense. Taken together, our work provides a first glimpse of the metabolome and transcriptome dynamics in tuliptree flower coloration and provides a valuable resource for flower breeding or metabolic engineering as well as for understanding flower evolution in an early woody angiosperm.Genetics of traits related to fruit cuticle deposition and composition was studied in two red-fruited tomato species. Two mapping populations derived from the cross between the cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and its closest relative wild species Solanum pimpinellifolium L. were employed to conduct a QTL analysis. A combination of fruit cuticle deposition, components and anatomical traits were investigated and the individual effect of each QTL evaluated. A total of 70 QTLs were identified, indicating that all the cuticle traits analyzed have a complex polygenic nature. A combination of additive and epistatic interactions was observed for all the traits, with positive contribution of both parental lines to most of them. Colocalization of QTLs for various traits uncovered novel genomic regions producing extensive changes in the cuticle. Cuticle density emerges as an important trait since it can modulate cuticle thickness and invagination thus providing a strategy for sustaining mechanical strength without compromising palatability. Two genomic regions, located in chromosomes 1 and 12, are responsible for the negative interaction between cuticle waxes and phenolics identified in tomato fruit. Several candidate genes, including transcription factors and structural genes, are postulated and their expression analyzed throughout development.Nitrogen (N) is associated with amino acid metabolism in higher plants. Theanine is an important amino acid in tea plants. To explore the relationship between theanine metabolism and N conditions, we examined the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs), and microRNAs (DEMs) involved in theanine metabolism in tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. Transcriptome, proteome, and microRNA analyses were performed on tea plant shoots and roots under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The contents of theanine, expression levels of genes involved in theanine metabolism, contents of proteinogenic amino acids, and activity of enzymes were analyzed. The DEP-DEG correlation pairs and negative DEM-DEG interactions related to theanine metabolism were identified based on correlation analyses. The expression profiles of DEGs and negative DEM-DEG pairs related to theanine biosynthesis were consistent with the sequencing results. Our results suggest that the molecular and physiological mechanism of theanine accumulation is significantly affected by N sufficiency and deficiency conditions. The DEGs, DEPs, and DEMs and the activity of the enzymes involved in theanine biosynthesis might play vital roles in theanine accumulation under N sufficiency and deficiency conditions in the shoots and roots of tea plants.Beta-amylase (BAM) plays an important role in plant resistance to cold stress. However, the specific role of the BAM gene in freezing tolerance is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that a cold-responsive gene module was involved in the freezing tolerance of kiwifruit. In this module, the expression of AaBAM3.1, which encodes a functional protein, was induced by cold stress. AaBAM3.1-overexpressing kiwifruit lines showed increased freezing tolerance, and the heterologous overexpression of AaBAM3.1 in Arabidopsis thaliana resulted in a similar phenotype. The results of promoter GUS activity and cis-element analyses predicted AaCBF4 to be an upstream transcription factor that could regulate AaBAM3.1 expression. Further investigation of protein-DNA interactions by using yeast one-hybrid, GUS coexpression, and dual luciferase reporter assays confirmed that AaCBF4 directly regulated AaBAM3.1 expression. In addition, the expression of both AaBAM3.1 and AaCBF4 in kiwifruit responded positively to cold stress.