Parrottsantana4127

To talk about space, spoken languages rely on arbitrary and categorical forms (e.g., left, right). In sign languages, however, the visual-spatial modality allows for iconic encodings (motivated form-meaning mappings) of space in which form and location of the hands bear resemblance to the objects and spatial relations depicted. We assessed whether the iconic encodings in sign languages guide visual attention to spatial relations differently than spatial encodings in spoken languages during message preparation at the sentence level. Using a visual world production eye-tracking paradigm, we compared 20 deaf native signers of Sign-Language-of-the-Netherlands and 20 Dutch speakers' visual attention to describe left versus right configurations of objects (e.g., "pen is to the left/right of cup"). iFSP1 nmr Participants viewed 4-picture displays in which each picture contained the same 2 objects but in different spatial relations (lateral [left/right], sagittal [front/behind], topological [in/on]) to each other. They described the target picture (left/right) highlighted by an arrow. During message preparation, signers, but not speakers, experienced increasing eye-gaze competition from other spatial configurations. This effect was absent during picture viewing prior to message preparation of relational encoding. Moreover, signers' visual attention to lateral and/or sagittal relations was predicted by the type of iconicity (i.e., object and space resemblance vs. space resemblance only) in their spatial descriptions. Findings are discussed in relation to how "thinking for speaking" differs from "thinking for signing" and how iconicity can mediate the link between language and human experience and guides signers' but not speakers' attention to visual aspects of the world. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).The effect of sleep on work is now receiving appropriate research attention, yet most results have been based on community (i.e., nonclinical) populations. Based on previous findings that clinical treatment for diagnosed obstructive sleep apnea benefits sleep quality, we hypothesized that sleep quality would mediate the effects of such treatment on work withdrawal behaviors (i.e., emotional exhaustion, cognitive distraction, work neglect, and partial absenteeism). A total of 125 adults with potential sleep apnea, who were referred to a midsized hospital's sleep disorders laboratory, participated in this 3-wave (pretest, posttest 1 month following initial treatment, and a follow-up 3 months later), quasi-experimental study. Clinical assessment using pretest data resulted in 83 participants being diagnosed with sleep apnea and receiving treatment (i.e., continuous positive airway pressure, n = 62; or positional therapy, n = 21); 42 patients who were not diagnosed with sleep apnea comprised the control group. Consistent with our hypotheses, treatment positively affected sleep quality, which in turn decreased emotional exhaustion, cognitive distraction, and partial absenteeism (but not work neglect). We discuss the implications of these findings for future research on sleep and its work-related consequences and organizational practice. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Social attention is crucial for efficient social interactions and adaptive functioning in humans. However, whether this indispensable ability is unique and qualitatively distinct from nonsocial attention remains equivocal. Using the visual adaptation technique in conjunction with a modified central cueing paradigm, the current study investigated the specificity of social attention. Results revealed that adaptation to the walking direction of biological motion (BM) affected the reflexive attentional effect triggered by subsequent BM cues. Critically, preexposure to another type of social cues (i.e., eye gaze) could produce a similar aftereffect on attentional orienting elicited by BM, reflecting that social attention induced by different types of cues might share common neural substrates. By contrast, such cross-category adaptation aftereffect disappeared when adaptors changed to nonsocial cues (i.e., arrows). In the same vein, adaptation to BM cues could also exert an aftereffect on gaze cueing but not arrow cueing effect. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for the view that "social attention is special" and support the existence of "social attention detector" in the human brain. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Correlational studies have demonstrated detrimental effects of exposure to a mismatch between a nonstandard dialect at home and a mainstream variety at school on children's literacy skills. However, dialect exposure often is confounded with reduced home literacy, negative teacher expectation, and more limited educational opportunities. To provide proof of concept for a possible causal relationship between variety mismatch and literacy skills, we taught adult learners to read and spell an artificial language with or without dialect variants using an artificial orthography. In 3 experiments, we confirmed earlier findings that reading is more error-prone for contrastive words; that is, words for which different variants exist in the input, especially when learners also acquire the joint meanings of these competing variants. Despite this contrastive deficit, no detriment from variety mismatch emerged for reading and spelling of untrained words, a task equivalent to nonword reading tests routinely administered to young schoolchildren. With longer training, we even found a benefit from variety mismatch on reading and spelling of untrained words. We suggest that such a dialect benefit in literacy learning can arise when competition between different variants leads learners to favor phonologically mediated decoding. Our findings should help to assuage educators' concerns about detrimental effects of linguistic diversity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Pacific Islander (PI) young adults are suspected to bear heavy risk for hazardous drinking, alcohol use disorders (AUD), and alcohol-related harms. Yet, PIs remain among the most understudied racial groups in the United States-creating a lack of empirical data documenting their alcohol use problems and treatment needs. The present study presents the first known data on PI young adults' hazardous drinking, possible AUDs, alcohol-related harms, and treatment needs. Survey data were collected from 156 community-dwelling PI young adults (40% women, age 18-30 years) in 2 large PI communities Los Angeles County and Northwest Arkansas. We screened participants for alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use, hazardous drinking, possible AUD, alcohol-related harms, and past-year need for mental health and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. Logistic regressions examined whether experiencing possible AUD and alcohol-related harms were associated with past-year need for treatment. PI young adults reported 78% lifetime rate of alcohol use with 56% screening positive for hazardous drinking, 49% for any possible AUD, and 40% experiencing significant alcohol-related harm (e.