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001, P = 0.001, and P less then 0.001, respectively). The levels of improvement in ODI, VAS for low back pain, and VAS for lower-limb pain were considerably more in patients with single-level involvement (P less then 0.001, P = 0.04, and P less then 0.001, respectively). Improvement of lower-limb VAS was negatively correlated with age (r = -0.400, P less then 0.001) and BMI (r = -0.525, P less then 0.001). The ODI improvement was also negatively correlated with BMI (r = -0.569, P less then 0.001). Conclusions Epidural injection of triamcinolone through the translaminar approach could be regarded as an efficacious method for the alleviation of pain and disability in patients with spinal canal stenosis. Copyright © 2020, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine.Context Perioperative analgesia is an essential but frequently underrated component of medical care. The purpose of this work is to describe the actual situation of surgical patients focusing on effective pain control by discarding prejudice against 'aggressive' measures. Evidence Acquisition This is a narrative review about continuous regional pain therapy with catheters in the postoperative period. Included are the most-relevant literature as well as own experiences. Results As evidenced by an abundance of studies, continuous regional/neuraxial blocks are the most effective approach for relief of severe postoperative pain. Catheters have to be placed in adequate anatomical positions and meticulously maintained as long as they remain in situ. Peripheral catheters in interscalene, femoral, and sciatic positions are effective in patients with surgery of upper and lower limbs. Epidural catheters are effective in abdominal and thoracic surgery, birth pain, and artery occlusive disease, whereas paravertebral analgesia may be beneficial in patients with unilateral approach of the truncus. However, failure rates are high, especially for epidural catheter analgesia. Unfortunately, many reports lack a comprehensive description of catheter application, management, failure rates and complications and thus cannot be compared with each other. Conclusions Effective control of postoperative pain is possible by the application of regional/neuraxial catheters, measures requiring dedication, skill, effort, and funds. Standard operating procedures contribute to minimizing complications and adverse side effects. Nevertheless, these methods are still not widely accepted by therapists, although more than 50% of postoperative patients suffer from 'moderate, severe or worst' pain. Copyright © 2020, Author(s).Background Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a medical treatment most commonly used in the most severe psychiatric diseases; however due to unreal anxiety, it is not widely accepted by patients and their families. Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the main causes of ECT-related anxiety (ERA) in an academic hospital in the north of Iran. Methods In this study, the participants were hospitalized psychiatric patients with proper communication skills. A 12-item questionnaire encompassing four sections (namely ECT side-effects, procedure factors, medical team communication, and familial, social, and economic factors) were filled out by a responsible psychiatric resident through a face-to-face interview. The participants' demographic information, including gender, age, psychiatry disorder, level of education, and history of ECT, were also recorded. Results In this study, 353 cases were analyzed, among whom 329 patients (93.2%) reported at least one item for ERA, and 143 patients (85.6 %) had the history of ECT. All the participants (100%) had no experience in this regard (P = 0.0001). The most common cause of ERA was ECT-related side effects (70.7%) such as memory impairment (60.4%), disablement (24.9%), and death (14.7%) followed by procedure factors (27.2%), general anesthesia (GA) (73.2 %), and electric current (26.8 %). A significant relationship was observed between gender and the history of ECT with the patients' anxiety reasons (P = 0.0001); however, the other variables, including age (P = 0.72), type of disease (P = 0.144), and the level of education (P = 0.012) had no impact on the results. Conclusions In this paper, the main causes of ERA were general anesthesia, memory impairment, and electric current. Obviously, a multidisciplinary approach is required to help these patients to handle their fear and anxiety successfully. Copyright © 2020, Author(s).Background Pain is a major concern in the early postoperative phase after correction of pectus excavatum. Most studies only focus on pain management in the first days after surgery and describe methods to alleviate the pain immediately postoperatively. TGF-beta inhibitor The severity of postoperative pain may be influenced by anxiety. So far, few studies have looked into the relationship between anxiety and postoperative pain after pectus excavatum correction. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the correlation between preoperative anxiety and late postoperative pain scores. Methods This was a prospective cohort study. Anxiety was assessed with the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. Visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain scores assessed the pain at rest and activity. Anxiety was measured before surgery and pain scores six weeks after surgery. A hierarchical linear regression analysis was performed to investigate the correlation between baseline anxiety and pain measurements six weeks after surgery. Results In this study, 136 patients were included. State anxiety was not associated with postoperative pain (mean of pain on activity and in rest), only with pain on activity after six weeks. Age and sex were not effect modifiers in any of the models. Relevant confounding factors, although not significant, consisted of trait, sex, minor complications, epidural duration, major complications, and the number of stabilizer plates. The explained variance of state anxiety on VAS for pain scores was minimum after 6 weeks. Conclusions Preoperative anxiety does not appear to influence postoperative pain after PE correction. Copyright © 2020, Author(s).