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health benefits for people with COPD. Copyright © 2020 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.In the era of big data, the establishment of a free database, containing all the immune drug targets and associated cell types, is of great value. To this aim, the Guide to Immunopharmacology has been created in a joint effort between the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Here we highlight the structure and content of the database, which includes up-to-date quantitative information on the fundamental science underlying each immune target. A set of practical examples and tools for data mining are summarized to support immune research into drug discovery and therapeutics. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND The risk of premature death is high among patients on haemodialysis (HD-patients). We previously determined that IgM antibodies against phosphorylcholine (anti-PC) are negatively associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerosis, some autoimmune diseases and with mortality among HD-patients in this cohort. We here study also other subclasses and isotypes of anti-PC in HD-patients, in relation to mortality, inflammation and gender. METHODS The study group is a cohort of 209 prevalent HD patients (median age 66 (interquartile range (IQR) 51-74]) years, vintage time 29 (IQR 15-58; 56% men) months) with a mean follow-up period of 41 (IQR 20-60 months). Fifty-six % were men. We also divided patients into inflamed (CRP>5.6 mg/ml and non-inflamed. Antibody levels were determined by in-house ELISA. RESULTS IgG1 anti-PC below median was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality (after adjustment for confounders p=0.02) while IgG, IgA and IgG2 anti-PC were not associated with this outcome. Among non-inflamed patients, IgM and IgG1 anti-PC were significantly associated with mortality (p=0.047 and 0.02). IgG1 anti-PC was significantly associated with mortality among men (p=0.03) and trendwise among women (p=0.26). CONCLUSION IgM (as previously reported) and IgG1 anti-PC are negatively associated with survival among HD-patients and non-inflamed HD-patients, but among inflamed patients there were no associations. IgG, IgA or IgG2 anti-PC were not associated with survival in these groups and subgroups. Further studies are needed to determine if raising anti-PC levels, especially IgM and IgG1 anti-PC, through immunization, is beneficial. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.There is currently limited knowledge about the transmission risks of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and its associated disease COVID-19 from routine clinical specimens. The first study to be published on the initial 41 cases of COVID-19 infections admitted in Wuhan detected SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the blood of 6/41 (15%) of patients (Huang et. al., 2020) . However, another study conducted on 1070 clinical specimens collected from confirmed COVID-19 patients in China showed the highest positive rates of SARS-CoV-2 from rRT-PCR testing of respiratory specimens such as bronchoalveolar lavage, sputum and nasopharyngeal swabs (32% - 93%). In contrast, only 1% of blood specimens and none of the urine specimens tested positive (Wang et. al., 2020). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND The size of 'Wonhwang' Asian pear fruit may affect fruit quality and physiological disorders differentially during distribution. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of fruit size on fruit physiological attributes and metabolic responses in terms of soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids in different-sized 'Wonhwang' Asian pears during cold storage and shelf life. RESULTS The rate of weight loss and the severity of fruit shriveling were higher in small fruit than in large fruit, while the severity of decay was lower during shelf life. Lightness and chroma values were lower in the cortex and core tissues of large fruit than small fruit, but hue angle values were higher in large fruit than in small fruit. Glucose and fructose were higher in large fruit than in small fruit but sucrose and sorbitol were lower during shelf life after cold storage. The levels of most free amino acids were higher in large fruit than in small fruit, and only γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level was lower in large fruit. CONCLUSION These results indicate that fruit physiological and metabolic responses are differentially affected by fruit size during cold storage and shelf life. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Feruloyl esterases are enzymes of industrial interest that catalyse the hydrolysis of the ester bond between hydroxycinnamic acids such as ferulic acid and sugars present in the plant cell wall. Although there are several structures of biochemically characterized feruloyl esterases available, the structural determinants of their substrate specificity are not yet fully understood. Here, we present the crystal structure of a feruloyl esterase from Fusarium oxysporum (FoFaeC) at 2.3 Å resolution. Similar to the two other tannase-like feruloyl esterases, FoFaeC features a large lid domain covering the active site with potential regulatory role and a disulphide bond that brings together the serine and histidine of the catalytic triad. Differences are mainly observed in the metal coordination site and the substrate binding pocket. ENZYMES E.C.3.1.1.73. DATABASES The sequence of FoFaeC has been deposited with UniProt with accession code A0A1D3S5H0_FUSOX and the atomic coordinates of the three-dimensional structure with Protein Data Bank, with PDB code 6FAT. © 2020 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.BACKGROUND Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) is a common chronic health issue. Pessary rings are used for conservative management. To date, there is little evidence on objective anatomical findings as predictors of successful ring pessary management. 7-Ketocholesterol research buy AIM To determine any association between history, clinical and four-dimensional translabial ultrasound (TLUS)/pelvic floor ultrasound examination and pessary success. MATERIALS AND METHODS From November 2013 to November 1015, all new patients presenting with symptomatic prolapse to a tertiary urogynaecological unit underwent an assessment including interview, clinical examination, that is, International Continence Society POPQ (pelvic organ prolapse quantification) and TLUS. Women with symptomatic prolapse were offered conservative management with a ring pessary. Those who agreed had a ring inserted that day. Successful trial of pessary use was defined as continued use for at least three months. Retrospective analysis of imaging data was performed blinded to other data.