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19 to -0.02]; p = 0.02) when compared to patients treated for 1-2 or > 5days. Also, timing of the pooled mortality assessment indicated a reduction concerning short-term mortality (< 30days; risk difference, -0.08 [95% CI -0.15 to -0.01]; p = 0.02; p for Cochran Q = 0.02; I

 = 63%). Presence of statistical heterogeneity was noted with no sign of significant publication bias.

Although vitamin C administration did not reduce pooled mortality, patients may profit if vitamin C is administered over 3 to 4days. Consequently, further research is needed to identify patient subgroups that might benefit from intravenous supplementation of vitamin C.

Although vitamin C administration did not reduce pooled mortality, patients may profit if vitamin C is administered over 3 to 4 days. Consequently, further research is needed to identify patient subgroups that might benefit from intravenous supplementation of vitamin C.

Recently, a large group of patients with persistent dyspnea, poor physical capacity, and reduced health-related quality of life (HRQoL) following pulmonary embolism (PE) has been identified and clustered under the name "post pulmonary embolism syndrome" (PPS). These patients seem good candidates for pulmonary rehabilitation. The aim of the study is to explore whether a pulmonary rehabilitation program can improve physical capacity, dyspnea, and HRQoL in PPS patients.

A two-center randomized controlled trial (RCT) is being performed at Østfold Hospital and Akershus University Hospital in Norway. Patients with PPS are 11 randomized into an intervention or a control group. The intervention consists of a supervised, outpatient rehabilitation program twice weekly (1 h) for 8 weeks provided by experienced physiotherapists. The intervention involves individually adapted exercises based on existing pulmonary rehabilitation programs (relaxation, interval, and resistance training), and an educational session includlowing PE.

Clinical Trials NCT03405480 . Registered prospectively on September 2017. Protocol version 1 (from original protocol September 2017). The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 1).

Clinical Trials NCT03405480 . Registered prospectively on September 2017. Protocol version 1 (from original protocol September 2017). click here The study protocol has been reported in accordance with the Standard Protocol Items Recommendations for Clinical Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) guidelines (Additional file 1).

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent musculoskeletal condition causing pain, physical disability, and reduced quality of life. Exercise and patient education are non-pharmacological interventions for knee OA unanimously recommended as first-line treatments based on extensive research evidence. However, none of the numerous randomised controlled trials of exercise and education for knee OA has used adequate sham/placebo comparison groups because the 'active' ingredients are unknown. Designing and executing an adequate and 'blindable placebo' version of an exercise and education intervention is impossible. Therefore, using an open-label study design, this trial compares the efficacy of a widely used 'state-of-art' exercise and education intervention (Good Life with osteoarthritis in Denmark; GLAD) with presumably inert intra-articular saline injections on improvement in knee pain in patients with knee OA.

In this open-label randomised trial, we will include 200 patients with radiographically verif unknown. The interpretation of the results of this trial will likely be difficult and controversial but will contribute to a better understanding of the bias introduced in the effect estimation of classically unblindable exercise and education interventions for knee OA.

www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03843931 . Prospectively registered on 18 February 2019.

www.ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03843931 . Prospectively registered on 18 February 2019.

The sibling species of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae (sensu stricto) and Anopheles coluzzii co-exist in many parts of West Africa and are thought to have recently diverged through a process of ecological speciation with gene flow. Divergent larval ecological adaptations, resulting in Genotype-by-Environment (G × E) interactions, have been proposed as important drivers of speciation in these species. In West Africa, An. coluzzii tends to be associated with permanent man-made larval habitats such as irrigated rice fields, which are typically more eutrophic and mineral and ammonia-rich than the temporary rain pools exploited by An. gambiae (s.s.) METHODS To highlight G × E interactions at the larval stage and their possible role in ecological speciation of these species, we first investigated the effect of exposure to ammonium hydroxide and water mineralisation on larval developmental success. Mosquito larvae were exposed to two water sources and increasing ammonia concentrations in small containers larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation.

Evidence for such G × E interactions lends support to the hypothesis that divergent larval adaptations to the environmental conditions found in man-made habitats such as rice fields in An. coluzzii may have been an important driver of its ecological speciation.

Constant emerging sites infested with Oncomelania hupensis (O. hupensis) impede the goal realization of eliminating schistosomiasis. The study assessed the spatial and temporal distributions of new Oncomelania snail habitats in Hunan Province from 1949 to 2016.

We used the data from annual snail surveys throughout Hunan Province for the period from 1949 to 2016. Global Moran's I, Anselin local Moran's I statistics (LISA) and a retrospective space-time permutation model were applied to determine the spatial and temporal distributions of emerging snail-infested sites.

There were newly discovered snail-infested sites almost every year in 1949-2016, except for the years of 1993, 2009 and 2012. The number of emerging sites varied significantly in the five time periods (1949-1954, 1955-1976, 1977-1986, 1986-2003 and 2004-2016) (H = 25.35, p < 0.05). The emerging sites lasted 37.52 years in marshlands, 30.04 years in hills and 24.63 at inner embankments on average, with the values of Global Moran's I being 0.