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The type IX secretion system (T9SS), which is involved in pathogenicity, motility, and utilization of complex biopolymers, is a novel protein secretion system confined to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Pemigatinib research buy Cytophaga hutchinsonii, a common cellulolytic soil bacterium belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes, can rapidly digest crystalline cellulose using a novel strategy. In this study, the deletion mutant of chu_0174 (gldN) was obtained using PY6 medium supplemented with Stanier salts. GldN was verified to be a core component of C. hutchinsonii T9SS, and is indispensable for cellulose degradation, motility, and secretion of CTD proteins. Notably, ΔgldN showed a significant growth defect in Ca2+ and Mg2+ deficient media. The growth defect could be relieved by the addition of Ca2+ or Mg2+ The intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were markedly reduced in ΔgldN These results demonstrated that GldN is essential for the acquisition of trace amounts of Ca2+ and Mg2+, especially Ca2+ Moreover, an outer membrane efflux pen T9SS and the metal ion transport system. The outer membrane abundance of CHU_2807, which is essential for Ca2+ and Mg2+ uptake in PY6 medium, was affected by the deletion of GldN. This study demonstrated that C. hutchinsonii T9SS has extensive functions, including cellulose degradation, motility, and metal ion assimilation, which makes contributions to the further understanding of the function of T9SS in the phylum Bacteroidetes. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.In Candida glabrata, the transcription factor CgRds2 has been previously characterized as a regulator of glycerophospholipid metabolism, playing a crucial role in the response to osmotic stress. Here, we report that CgRds2 is also involved in the response to pH 2.0 stress. At pH 2.0, deletion of CgRDS2 led to reduced cell growth and survival by 33% and 57%, respectively, compared with those of the wild-type strain. These adverse phenotypes resulted from the down-regulation of genes related to energy metabolism in the Cgrds2Δ strain at pH 2.0, which led to a 34% reduction of intracellular ATP content and a 24% decrease in membrane permeability. In contrast, overexpression of CgRDS2 rescued the growth defect of the Cgrds2Δ strain and increased cell survival at pH 2.0 by 17% compared with that of the wild-type strain, and this effect was accompanied by significant increases in ATP content and membrane permeability by 42% and 19%, respectively. Furthermore, we find that the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kiance of C. glabrata during fermentation of organic acids. The present study also establishes a new link between the calcium signaling pathway and energy metabolism. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.Acidophiles play a dominant role in driving elemental cycling in natural acid mine drainage (AMD) habitats and exhibit important application value in bioleaching and bioremediation. Acidity is an inevitable environmental stress and a key factor that affects the survival of acidophiles in their acidified natural habitats; however, the regulatory strategies applied by acidophilic bacteria to withstand low pH are unclear. We identified the significance of the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) in acidophiles adapting to acidic environments and discovered that Fur is ubiquitous as well as highly conserved in acidophilic bacteria. Mutagenesis of the fur gene of Acidithiobacillus caldus (A. caldus), a prototypical acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing bacterium found in AMD, revealed that Fur is required for the acid resistance of this acidophilic bacterium. Phenotypic characterization, RNA-seq, mutagenesis, and biochemical assays indicated that AcFur is involved in extreme acid resistance by regulating the expression of severalia and the design of engineered biological systems. Copyright © 2020 Chen et al.Anthropogenic activity impacts stream ecosystems resulting in a loss of diversity and ecosystem function; however, little is known about the response of aquatic microbial communities to changes in land use. Here, microbial communities were characterized in 82 headwater streams across a gradient of urban and agricultural land use using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and compared to a rich dataset of physicochemical variables and traditional benthic invertebrate indicators. Microbial diversity and community structure differed among watersheds with high agricultural, urban, and forested land uses, and community structure differed in streams classified in good, fair, poor, and very poor condition using benthic invertebrate indicators. Microbial community similarity decayed with geodesic distance across the study region, but not with environmental distance. Stream community respiration rates ranged from 21.7 to 1,570 mg O2 m-2 d-1 and 31.9 to 3,670 mg O2 m-2 d-1 for water column and sediments and correlated witl. Here, we identify stream microbes that respond to watershed urbanization and agricultural development and demonstrate microbial diversity and community structure can be used to assess stream condition and ecosystem functioning. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.The novel COVID-19 came under limelight few months back (December 2019) and has recently been declared a pandemic by WHO. It has resulted in serious financial implications being faced by dental practices, hospitals and healthcare workers. Dental practice currently is restricted to provision of emergency dental care whereas, many hospitals have also cancelled elective procedures to save finances for COVID-19 treatment which is expensive and unpredictable. In addition, healthcare workers are also facing financial challenges in this difficult time. Competent authorities should step in to help dental practices, hospitals and healthcare workers in order to ensure the provision of all types of healthcare efficiently in these testing times and beyond. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Plant lateral branches are important for plant architecture and plant production, but how plants determine their lateral branches remains to be further understood. Here we report that the CUC2/3-DA1-UBP15 regulatory module controls the initiation of axillary meristems, thereby determining the number of lateral branches in Arabidopsis. Mutation in the ubiquitin-dependent peptidase DA1 causes fewer lateral branches due to defects in the initiation of axillary meristems. The transcription factors CUC2 and CUC3, which regulate the axillary meristem initiation, directly bind to the DA1 promoter and activate its expression. Further results show that the ubiquitin specific protease UBP15, which is a direct substrate of DA1 peptidase, represses the initiation of axillary meristems. Genetic analyses support that CUC2/3, DA1, and UBP15 function, at least in part, in a common pathway to regulate the initiation of axillary meristems. Therefore, our findings discover a novel genetic and molecular framework by which the CUC2/3-DA1-UBP15 regulatory module controls the initiation of axillary meristems, thereby determining plant architecture.