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Thus, both tactile and visual feedback help matching the positions of reaching and target limbs during localization. Yet, even if small, the unique improvement through tactile information confirms the importance of target-related, closed-loop tactile feedback for tactile localization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Previous studies have shown that attentional selection can be biased toward locations that are likely to contain a target and away from locations that are likely to contain a distractor. It is assumed that through statistical learning, participants are able to extract the regularities in the display, which in turn biases attentional selection. The present study employed the additional singleton task to examine the ability of participants to extract regularities that occurred across trials. click here In four experiments, we found that participants were capable of picking up statistical regularities concerning target positions across trials both in the absence and presence of distracting information. It is concluded that through statistical learning, participants are able to extract intertrial statistical associations regarding subsequent target location, which in turn biases attentional selection. We argue here that the weights within the spatial priority map can be dynamically adapted from trial to trial such that the selection of a target at a particular location increases the weights of the upcoming target location within the spatial priority map, giving rise to a more efficient target selection. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Spatial updating of self-to-object spatial relations may be performed online or offline. The set size effects in spatial updating are generally considered as a benchmark for indicating which updating strategy is used. Online updating is associated with transient egocentric representations and the presence of set size effects, whereas offline updating is associated with enduring allocentric representations and the absence of set size effects. In the present study, the updating strategy and the available spatial representations in updating were manipulated factorially. In a working memory (WM) paradigm, observers briefly learned a new layout of objects in each trial such that only the transient spatial representation was available during updating, whereas in a reference memory (RM) paradigm, observers learned the same layout of objects across trials such that both transient and enduring representations were available in updating. In both paradigms, observers were instructed to update online or offline. Set size effects showed up only in the WM paradigm but disappeared in the RM paradigm, regardless of the updating strategy. These results suggest that both updating strategies will produce set size effects if they use transient representations alone and that set size effects can be eliminated as long as enduring representations are used. These findings challenge the 2-system theories of spatial updating by showing that although online updating is naturally associated with transient spatial presentations, whereas offline updating is naturally associated with enduring representations, these default associations can be switched under manipulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Long-term memory is often considered easily corruptible, imprecise, and inaccurate, especially in comparison to working memory. However, most research used to support these findings relies on weak long-term memories those where people have had only one brief exposure to an item. Here we investigated the fidelity of visual long-term memory in more naturalistic setting, with repeated exposures, and ask how it compares to visual working memory fidelity. Using psychophysical methods designed to precisely measure the fidelity of visual memory, we demonstrate that long-term memory for the color of frequently seen objects is as accurate as working memory for the color of a single item seen 1 s ago. In particular, we show that repetition greatly improves long-term memory, including the ability to discriminate an item from a very similar item (fidelity), in both a lab setting (Experiments 1-3) and a naturalistic setting (brand logos, Experiment 4). Overall, our results demonstrate the impressive nature of visual long-term memory fidelity, which we find is even higher fidelity than previously indicated in situations involving repetitions. Furthermore, our results suggest that there is no distinction between the fidelity of visual working memory and visual long-term memory, but instead both memory systems are capable of storing similar incredibly high-fidelity memories under the right circumstances. Our results also provide further evidence that there is no fundamental distinction between the "precision" of memory and the "likelihood of retrieving a memory," instead suggesting a single continuous measure of memory strength best accounts for working and long-term memory. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).In recent years, the role of top-down expectations on perception has been extensively researched within the framework of predictive coding. However, less attention has been given to the different sources of expectations, how they differ, and how they interact. In this article, we examined the effects of informative hints on perceptual experience and how these interact with repetition-based expectations to create a long-lasting effect. Over 7 experiments, we used verbal hints and multiple presentations of ambiguous 2-tone images. We found that vividness ratings increased from 1 presentation to the next, even after the object in the image had been identified. In addition, vividness ratings significantly increased when images were introduced with a hint, and this boost was greater for more detailed hints. However, the initial increase in vividness did not always carry over to the next presentation. When recognition of the image in the presentation was hard because of memory load, inconsistent presentation, or noise level of the image, the initial advantage in vividness was attenuated. This was most apparent when participants were primed with a grayscale version of the 2-tone image. A computational model based on evidence accumulation was able to recover these patterns of perceptual experience, suggesting that the effect of hints is short lived if it cannot be encoded in memory for future presentations. This notion highlights the different contributions of attention, memory, and their interactions on forming expectations for perception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).