Estespowers1003

Aims Hypoglycemia is associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and vascular events. We have previously reported that low-glucose (LG) conditions induce mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production in aortic endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanism by which hypoglycemia promotes diabetic retinopathy (DR) is unclear. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) disruption occurs in the early stages of DR. We hypothesized that the mechanisms underlying hypoglycemia-induced DR are associated with BRB breakdown due to mtROS generation during hypoglycemia. Here, we aimed to determine whether hypoglycemia exacerbated mtROS production and induced BRB disruption. Results We observed that hypoglycemia induced mtROS production by increasing fatty acid oxidation (FAO), which was suppressed by overexpression of mitochondrial-specific manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in retinal ECs. Furthermore, FAO blockade decreased the hypoglycemia-induced mtROS production. Recurrent hypoglycemia increased albumin leak in diabetic mice retina, which was suppressed in diabetic vascular endothelial cell-specific MnSOD transgenic (eMnSOD-Tg) mice. Pharmacological FAO blockade also reduced mtROS production, reduced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production during hypoglycemia, and prevented retinal vascular permeability in diabetic mice. MnSOD overexpression or carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) blockade suppressed vascular endothelial-cadherin phosphorylation under LG in retinal ECs. Innovation and Conclusion Reduction of mtROS and VEGF production via pharmacological FAO and/or CPT1 blockade may prevent hypoglycemia-induced worsening of DR.The matching law describes the allocation of behavior over a wide range of settings, including laboratory experimental chambers, forest foraging patches, sports arenas, and board games. Stem Cells antagonist Interestingly, matching persists in settings in which economic analyses predict quite different distributions of behavior, and it also differs systematically from probability matching. We tested whether the matching law also describes the allocation of covert cognitive processes. Sixty-four participants viewed 2, small, vertically arranged adjacent stimuli that projected an image that fit within the fovea. A trial version of the reward contingencies used in matching law experiments determined which stimulus was the target. For example, in 1 condition, the top stimulus was the target 3 times more frequently than the bottom stimulus. However, the amount of time the stimuli were available was tailored to each participant so that they were not able to make use of the information in both stimuli even though an eye-tracking experiment confirmed that they saw both. The implication of this restriction is that participants had to decide which stimulus to attend to prior to each trial. The only available objective basis for this decision was the relative frequencies that a stimulus was the target. The matching law predicted the correlation between the relative frequency that a stimulus was the target and the proportion of trials that it was attended to. The results support the claim that the matching law is a general choice principle-one that describes the allocation of covert mental processes as well as overt behavioral responses. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).To help children navigate their social environments, adults must understand what children know about race, and when they acquire this knowledge. Across three preregistered studies, we tested United States adults' knowledge of when children first use race to categorize and ascribe traits to others. Participants wildly-and uniquely-misjudged children's abilities to process race. This inaccuracy was consequential it was a stronger predictor of the preference to delay conversations about race with children than other factors previously theorized to underlie adults' reluctance to talk about race. And, this relation was causal. Our data suggest that fundamental misunderstandings about children's capacities to process race are pervasive in the United States population and may delay when adults engage children in important conversations about race. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Effective practices for eliciting and analyzing children's eyewitness reports rely on accurate conclusions about age differences in how children retain information and respond to memory probes. Binning, which is the practice of categorizing continuous variables into discrete groups, can lower studies' power to detect age differences and, in some situations, produce significant but spurious effects. In this article, we (a) describe a systematic review that estimated the frequency of binning age in child eyewitness studies, (b) analyze real and simulated data to illustrate how binning can distort conclusions about age and covariate effects, and (c) demonstrate best practices for analyzing and reporting age trends.

We expected that researchers would frequently bin age and that we would replicate the negative consequences of binning in the demonstration data sets.

For the systematic review, we retrieved 58 articles describing child eyewitness studies and determined whether researchers binned age for one ranmental changes in children's needs and abilities. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

When wrongfully convicted individuals are released from prison, at first glance, it is a triumph; however, anecdotal evidence from exonerees suggests that obtaining housing postrelease is often challenging. We empirically examined whether race (Study 1) or type of criminal offense (Study 2) influenced landlords' willingness to rent to exonerees compared to releasees (i.e., rightfully convicted individuals released from prison) and control (i.e., members of the public).

We hypothesized that (a) exonerees and releasees would receive fewer replies and fewer "yes" available responses compared to control, (b) Indigenous and Black renters would receive fewer replies and fewer "yes" available responses compared to White renters, and (c) individuals convicted of murder would receive fewer replies and fewer "yes" available responses compared to individuals convicted of robbery.

The authors responded to online apartment listings across Canada (Study 1) and in Toronto (Study 2) inquiring about unit availability. All rental inquiries were identical with the exception of criminal status and race (Study 1), and criminal status and criminal offense (Study 2).