Lammhoover2908

Menopause is accompanied by many metabolic changes, increasing the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. The impact of diet, as a modifiable lifestyle factor, on cardiovascular health in general populations has been well established. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the evidence on the effects of whole diet on lipid profile, glycemic indices, and blood pressure in postmenopausal women.

Embase, Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar were searched from inception to February 2021. We included controlled clinical trials in postmenopausal women that assessed the effect of a whole-diet intervention on lipid profile, glycemic indices, and/or blood pressure. The risk of bias in individual studies was assessed using RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools.

Among 2,134 references, 21 trials met all eligibility criteria. Overall, results were heterogenuous and inconsistent. Compared to control diets, some studies showed that participants experienced improvements in total cholscular risk in postmenopausal women.

Current evidence suggests that diet may affect levels of some lipid profile markers, glycemic indices, and blood pressure among postmenopausal women. However, due to the large heterogeneity in intervention diets, comparison groups, intervention durations, and population characteristics, findings are inconclusive. Further well-designed clinical trials are needed on dietary interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

Marital relationship plays an important role in health and wellbeing. However, how marriage is associated with multimorbidity (the co-occurrence of two or more chronic conditions) has not been comprehensively investigated. We aimed to assess the association between marriage and multimorbidity in middle-aged adults.

We used nationally representative data on 23641 adults aged 50-60 years who participated in four longitudinal studies in the US, UK, Europe, and China (Health and Retirement Study, English Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe, and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study). Respondents were followed up in 2010-11 (baseline), 2012-13, and 2014-15. We used generalized estimating equations to evaluate the associations between marital status (married/partnered or non-married [separated/devoiced/widowed/never married]), marriage duration and multimorbidity, adjusting for socioeconomic and lifestyle factors.

Over 4-year follow-up, 24% (n=5699) of respealth and wellbeing across the life course. These findings provide insight for the prevention and management of chronic disease and multimorbidity.

To examine the longitudinal association between participation in social activities and healthy lifestyle behaviours.

This 2-year follow-up study used data from 6168 older adults (73.5±5.3 years; 49% men). We studied participation in five types of social activities at baseline participation in volunteer, sports, hobbies, senior clubs, and neighbourhood-association groups.

The healthy lifestyle behaviours were physical activity (time spent walking ≥150min/week; or less), eating habits (dietary variety score ≥4 points; or less), and intellectual activity (subcomponents of the Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology Index of Competence 4 points; or less).

In the follow-up survey, 19% of participants were physically inactive, 53% had unfavourable eating habits, and 34% had diminished intellectual activity. Multilevel modified Poisson regression analysis showed that participation in sports groups was associated with a lower relative risk (RR) of physical inactivity (RR=0.82 [0.72, 0.93]) and unfavourable eating habits (RR=0.95 [0.90, 1.00]). Participation in hobby groups reduced the RR of unfavourable eating habits (RR=0.93 [0.90, 0.97]) and diminished intellectual activity (RR=0.90 [0.85, 0.96]). Participation in volunteering was associated with a lower RR of diminished intellectual activity (RR=0.84 [0.75, 0.95]). Relative to non-participation, participating in two or more social activities was associated with a 9% (95% CI 0.83, 1.00) lower RR for physical inactivity, a 12% (95% CI 0.82, 0.95) lower RR for unfavourable eating habits, and a 17% (95% CI 0.77, 0.89) lower RR for diminished intellectual activity.

Both the nature and the number of social activities determine the longitudinal effects of social participation on healthy lifestyle behaviours.

Both the nature and the number of social activities determine the longitudinal effects of social participation on healthy lifestyle behaviours.Some reproductive factors are found to be associated with metabolic outcomes in women; however, little is known about reproductive lifespan characteristics and the mutual effect of age at menarche and age at menopause on cardiovascular risk. This systematic review evaluated reproductive lifespan characteristics and describes the mutual effect of age at menarche and age at menopause on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and hypertension at midlife. PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science were screened for studies published up to September 1, 2020. The individual effect estimates were reviewed and synthesized without meta-analysis due to methodological and clinical or conceptual diversity in reported studies. Of the 3033 identified studies, 20 were included in the final synthesis 6 reported reproductive life span; 12 reported age at menarche, and 7 reported age at menopause. Synthesis of two cohorts, with a median follow-up of 9-11 years, showed that a shorter reproductive lifespan was positively associated with T2DM, yielding 6-15% higher risk of T2DM for a one-year decrease in reproductive lifespan. A few studies also demonstrated that women who experienced early menarche (four of six studies) and early menopause (two of five studies) were positively associated with risk of T2DM. The association between reproductive lifespan and hypertension was unclear due to the limited availability of studies. Our findings suggest that a shorter reproductive lifespan is associated with T2DM risk in postmenopausal women, especially those with early menarche and early menopause. Large cohort studies are needed to assess the association between reproductive lifespan and incident hypertension in midlife.

To evaluate the association between parity and breastfeeding and anti-Müllerian hormone levels (AMH) and change in AMH levels over time. Furthermore, we examined whether AMH levels mediate the relation of parity and breastfeeding with age at menopause.

Observational, prospective cohort study.

AMH levels were assessed in a subset of premenopausal participants in the Nurses' Health Study II, including 1619 women who provided a blood sample in 1996-1999 and an additional 800 women who provided a second premenopausal sample in 2010-2012.

In multivariable linear regression models adjusted for parity, body mass index, smoking, and other factors, mean log AMH levels in 1996-1999 were 39% higher in women reporting ≥25 months of total breastfeeding vs. <1 month (P for trend=0.009). Parity was not associated with AMH levels after adjustment for breastfeeding. Neither parity nor breastfeeding was associated with decline in AMH levels over 11 to 15 years. Breastfeeding duration was positively associated with age at menopause (P for trend=0.01), with evidence that the association was mediated via AMH.

Our results suggest that breastfeeding is associated with higher AMH levels and later onset of menopause, and support the hypothesis that observed relations of parity with AMH levels and menopause timing may be largely attributable to breastfeeding.

Our results suggest that breastfeeding is associated with higher AMH levels and later onset of menopause, and support the hypothesis that observed relations of parity with AMH levels and menopause timing may be largely attributable to breastfeeding.We developed a case-case study to compare mRNA vaccine effectiveness against Delta versus Alpha coronavirus variants. We used data on 2,097 case-patients with PCR-positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections reported in Portugal during May-July 2021. We estimated the odds of vaccine breakthrough infection in Delta-infected versus Alpha-infected patients by using conditional logistic regression adjusted for age group and sex and matched by the week of diagnosis. We compared reverse-transcription PCR cycle threshold values by vaccination status and variant as an indirect measure of viral load. We found significantly higher odds of vaccine breakthrough infection in Delta-infected patients than in Alpha-infected patients (odds ratio 1.96 [95% CI 1.22-3.14]), suggesting lower effectiveness of the mRNA vaccines in preventing infection with the Delta variant. We estimated lower mean cycle threshold values for the Delta cases (mean difference -2.10 [95% CI -2.74 to -1.47]), suggesting higher infectiousness than the Alpha variant.The Yorkshire-cross swine model is a valuable translational model commonly used to study cardiovascular physiologyand response to insult. Although the effects of vasoactive medications have been well described in healthy swine, the effects of these medications during hemorrhagic shock are less studied. In this study, we sought to expand the utility of the swine model by characterizing the hemodynamic changes that occurred after the administration of commonly available vasoactive medications during euvolemic and hypovolemic states. To this end, we anesthetized and established femoral arterial,central venous, and pulmonary arterial access in 15 juvenile Yorkshire-cross pigs. The pigs then received a series of rapidlymetabolized but highly vasoactive medications in a standard dosing sequence. After completion of this sequence, each pigunderwent a 30-mL/kg hemorrhage over 10 min, and the standard dosing sequence was repeated. We then used standard statisticaltechniques to compare the effects of these vasoactive medications on a variety of hemodynamic parameters betweenthe euvolemic and hemorrhagic states. All subjects completed the study protocol. The responses in the hemorrhagic state wereoften attenuated or even opposite of those in the euvolemic state. For example, phenylephrine decreased the mean arterialblood pressure during the euvolemic state but increased it in the hemorrhagic state. These results clarify previously poorlydefined responses to commonly used vasoactive agents during the hemorrhagic state in swine. Our findings also demonstratethe need to consider the complex and dynamic physiologic state of hemorrhage when anticipating the effects of vasoactivedrugs and planning study protocols.

Asthma is a common chronic respiratory disease that influences 300 million people all over the world. However, the pathogenesis of asthma has not been fully elucidated. It has been reported that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) can activate myofibroblasts. Moreover, the fibroblast to myofibroblast transformation (FMT) can be triggered by TGF-β, which is a major mediator of subepithelial fibrosis. compound library chemical Secreted modular calcium-binding protein 2 (SMOC2) is a member of cysteine (SPARC) family and is involved in the progression of multiple diseases. However, its role in asthma remains poorly understood. RT-qPCR evaluated the expression of SMOC2. Bromodeoxyuridine assay and wound-healing assay detected the proliferation and migration of lung fibroblasts, respectively. IF staining was performed to assess the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Western blot analysis detected the levels of proteins. Flow cytometry was utilized for determination of the number of myofibroblasts.

We found the expression of SMOC2 was upregulated by the treatment of TGF-β1 in lung fibroblasts.