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able at 12-month. Moreover, a study with a larger patient population and longer follow-up is warranted to further assess the device. Trial registration Dafodil-1 trial has been prospectively registered on 10/07/2017 under Clinical Trial Registry-India (http//www.ctri.nic.in). (Registration number CTRI/2017/07/009008).Background The mortality rate is very high for patients with severe multiple trauma with massive pulmonary contusion containing intrapulmonary hemorrhage. Multiple treatment modalities are needed not only for a prevention of cardiac arrest and quick hemostasis against multiple injuries, but also for recovery of oxygenation to save the patient's life. Case presentation A 48-year-old Japanese woman fell down stairs that had a height of approximately 4 m. An X-ray showed pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion in her right lung, and an unstable pelvic fracture. A chest drain was inserted and preperitoneal pelvic packing was performed to control bleeding, performing resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta. A computed tomography scan revealed massive lung contusion in the lower lobe of her right lung, pelvic fractures, and multiple fractures and hematoma in other areas. An emergency thoracotomy was performed, and then we performed wide wedge resection of the injured lung, clamping proximal to suture lines with two Satinsky blood vessel clamps. The vessel clamps were left in the right thoracic cavity. The other hemorrhagic areas were embolized by transcatheter arterial embolization. However, since her respiratory functions deteriorated in the intensive care unit, veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was used for lung assist. Planned reoperation under veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was performed on day 2. Since her respiratory condition improved gradually, the veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuit was withdrawn on day 7. She was transferred to the psychiatric ward of our hospital on day 75. Stem Cells inhibitor Conclusion Utilizing multiple treatment modalities such as resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta, damage control surgery, transcatheter arterial embolization, and veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation with appropriate timing saves a patient with severe polytrauma with massive pulmonary contusion including intrapulmonary hemorrhage.Background Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) causes renal fibrosis and may lead to kidney failure. FSGS and its common complication, proteinuria, are challenging to treat. Corticosteroids are ineffective in many patients with FSGS, and alternative treatments often yield suboptimal responses. Repository corticotropin injection (RCI; Acthar® Gel), a naturally sourced complex mixture of purified adrenocorticotropic hormone analogs and other pituitary peptides, may have beneficial effects on idiopathic FSGS via melanocortin receptor activation. Methods Two studies in a preclinical (female Sprague-Dawley rats) puromycin aminonucleoside FSGS model assessed the effect of RCI on renal function and morphology an 8-week comparison of a single RCI dose with methylprednisolone (N = 27), and a 12-week chronic RCI dose range study (N = 34). Primary outcomes were proteinuria and renal pathology improvements for measures of renal fibrosis, tubular damage, glomerular injury, and total kidney injury score. Impact of RCreduced levels of desmin and fibrosis-associated collagen deposition staining. Methylprednisolone did not improve renal function or pathology in this model. Conclusions These results provide evidence supporting the improvement of FSGS with RCI, which was superior to corticosteroid treatment in this experimental model. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first evidence that a drug for the treatment of FSGS supports podocyte recovery after repeated injury.Background Currently the leading cause of global disability, clinical depression is a heterogeneous condition characterised by low mood, anhedonia and cognitive impairments. Its growing incidence among young people, often co-occurring with self-harm, is of particular concern. We recently reported very high rates of depression among first year university students in Northern Ireland, with over 25% meeting the clinical criteria, based on DSM IV. However, the causes of depression in such groups remain unclear, and diagnosis is hampered by a lack of biological markers. The aim of this exploratory study was to examine DNA methylation patterns in saliva samples from individuals with a history of depression and matched healthy controls. Results From our student subjects who showed evidence of a total lifetime major depressive event (MDE, n = 186) we identified a small but distinct subgroup (n = 30) with higher risk scores on the basis of co-occurrence of self-harm and attempted suicide. Factors conferring elevated rly, we could show that similar changes in immune gene methylation preceded the onset of depression in an independent cohort of adolescent females. Conclusions Our data suggests an immune component to the aetiology of depression in at least a small subgroup of cases, consistent with the accumulating evidence supporting a relationship between inflammation and depression. Additionally, DNA methylation changes at key loci, detected in saliva, may represent a valuable tool for identifying at-risk subjects.Objectives B cell depletion by rituximab (RTX) is an effective treatment for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV). However, peripheral B cell phenotypes and the selection criteria for RTX therapy in AAV remain unclear. Methods Phenotypic characterization of circulating B cells was performed by 8-color flow cytometric analysis in 54 newly diagnosed AAV patients (20 granulomatosis with polyangiitis and 34 microscopic polyangiitis). Patients were considered eligible to receive intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse (IV-CY) or RTX. All patients also received high-dose glucocorticoids (GC). We assessed circulating B cell phenotypes and evaluated the efficacy after 6 months of treatment. Results There were no significant differences in the rate of clinical improvement, relapses, or serious adverse events between patients receiving RTX and IV-CY. The rate of Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (BVAS) improvement at 6 months tended to be higher in the RTX group than in the IV-CY group.