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and during therapeutic follow up to manage any increasing trends. Moreover, close monitoring of patients with severe mental illness on antipsychotic therapy is exclusivelyrecommended.

The findings indicate a need to assess blood glucose and blood pressure at baseline before the commencement of any antipsychotic therapy and during therapeutic follow up to manage any increasing trends. Moreover, close monitoring of patients with severe mental illness on antipsychotic therapy is exclusively recommended.The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has revealed important differences between the sexes in epidemiology, risk factors, clinical course, mortality and socioeconomic dimensions of the disease in all populations worldwide. This has emphasised the need for a better understanding of diversity aspects in healthcare to improve prevention, treatment and long-term consequences. In this article, the authors describe the most relevant knowledge thus far on sex differences regarding COVID-19.Regular intensive exercise is associated with a plethora of electrical, structural and functional adaptations within the heart to promote a prolonged and sustained increase in cardiac output. Bradycardia, increased cardiac dimensions, enhanced ventricular filling, augmentation of stroke volume and high peak oxygen consumption are recognised features of the athlete's heart. The type and magnitude of these adaptations to physical exercise are governed by age, sex, ethnicity, sporting discipline and intensity of sport. Some athletes, particularly those of African or Afro-Caribbean (black) origin reveal changes that overlap with diseases implicated in sudden cardiac death. In such instances, erroneous interpretation has potentially serious consequences ranging from unfair disqualification to false reassurance. This article focuses on ethnic variation in the physiological cardiac adaption to exercise.The accurate measurement, prediction and treatment of high blood pressure (BP) are essential to the management of hypertension and the prevention of its associated cardiovascular (CV) risks. However, even if BP is optimally controlled during the day, nocturnal high blood pressure may still increase the risk of CV events. The pattern of circadian rhythm of BP can be evaluated by ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM). Night-time ABPM is more closely associated with fatal and nonfatal CV events than daytime ambulatory BP. However, the use of ABPM is limited by low availability and the fact that it can cause sleep disturbance, therefore may not provide realistic nocturnal measurements. Home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM) offers an inexpensive alternative to ABPM, is preferred by patients and provides a more realistic assessment of BP during an individual's daily life. However, until recently, HBPM did not offer the possibility to measure nocturnal (sleep time) BP. The development and validation of new BP devices, such as the NightView (OMRON Healthcare, HEM9601T-E3) HBPM device, could overcome these limitations, offering the possibility of daytime and night-time BP measurements with minimal sleep disturbance.The identification of effective interventions against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a health priority. The rational treatment of a disease is based on the knowledge of its pathophysiology, the identification of a therapeutic target and the confirmation of the efficacy and safety of the selected therapeutic intervention in randomised controlled trials. However, we are facing the COVID-19 pandemic without a clear understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. As we are fighting against a viral infection, drugs previously developed or approved to treat other viral infections or that exhibit a broad-spectrum antiviral activity, anti-inflammatory drugs and drugs against cytokine storm are currently being tested. Unfortunately, the efficacy and safety of these medications remain uncertain, and some may increase the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with COVID-19. Thus, at the present time, due to the lack of solid scientific data to support a therapeutic strategy, we truly are shooting in the dark with the treatment of COVID-19. We must wait for the results of ongoing randomised, controlled studies before the widespread adoption of these drugs. In the meantime, investigational anti-COVID-19 drugs should be used in hospitals or as part of clinical trials.Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 binds to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor, which is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells and damages these cells. Besides pneumonia-induced respiratory failure, thrombotic cardiovascular complications are increasingly emerging as a major COVID-19 symptom. Multiple retrospective studies have strongly suggested that anticoagulant therapy improves the prognosis of people with COVID-19. selleck chemicals However, validation of the safety and effectiveness of anticoagulant therapy for COVID-19 and greater awareness of this clinical therapeutic option are urgently needed.

The relationship between gastrointestinal (GI) bacteria and the response to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer can potentially be enhanced to allow patients to maximally respond to these treatments. Insight into the complex interaction between gut microbiota and the human adaptive immune system will help guide future immunotherapeutic cancer treatments to allow a more robust clinical response and fewer adverse effects in patients requiring these drugs. This review highlights these interactions as well as the potential for the creation of "oncomicrobiotics" that would selectively tailor one's GI bacteria to maximally respond to anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 treatments will fewer adverse effects.

CTLA-4 is an antigen on the surface of T cells which, upon stimulation, leads to inhibition of activated T cells to terminate the immune response. However, many types of tumor cells can upregulate CTLA-4 in the tumor microenvironment, allowing these cells to evade targeting and destruction by the body's immune system by prematurely inhibiting T cells.