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sign of disruption of critical, highly interactive stages of embryogenesis. The vertebral pattern can probably provide valuable information regarding fetal and neonatal outcome.
To investigate the effect of estrogen on axon regeneration and neurological recovery after subcortical axon injury, and further explore its underlying molecular mechanisms.
Subcortical axonal fiber injury model was used in this study. Perhexiline Morris water maze was conducted to detect the learning and memory ability of the rats; modified neurological severity score (mNSS) and beam walking test were performed to evaluate the behavioral; and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used for the determination of recovery after subcortical axonal injury, while Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of p-Akt, CDK5, p-Ser262, p-Ser404, and p-Thr205.
Compared with the Sham group, the injury of subcortical axonal fiber resulted in higher mNSS, higher beam walking scores, longer time of escape latency, less number, time and shorter distance of crossing the quadrant, and less FA values. After ovariectomy, the mNSS, beam walking scores, and escape latency reached the peak; inversely, the others reached a minimum. High estrogen treatment reduced the mNSS, beam walking score, and escape latency; improved the number, time, and distance of crossing the quadrant; and increased the FA value. Western blotting results showed that estrogen increased the expression of p-Akt and decreased the expression of CDK5, p-Ser262, p-Ser404, and p-Thr205. All the changes were counteracted to some extent by Akt inhibitor LY294002.
After subcortical axonal injury, estrogen could improve the regeneration of axons and improve their functions via regulating the PI3K/Akt/CDK5/Tau pathway.
After subcortical axonal injury, estrogen could improve the regeneration of axons and improve their functions via regulating the PI3K/Akt/CDK5/Tau pathway.
Dermal fillers have become an integral part of any aesthetic physician's intervention.
To assess, by means of ultrasounds, the tissue integration of the hyaluronic acid (HA) dermal filler VYC-25L in chin and jaw.
Prospective, noncomparative, open-label, and multicenter study conducted on healthy subjects, with age comprised between 30 and 60years old, who attended to the clinic to perform a facial rejuvenation treatment of the lower third of the face. VYC-25L was injected using a 27G needle (supraperiosteal bolus, from 0.2 to 0.3mL per bolus) in the chin and with canula (retrograde threads, from 0.4 to 0.6mL) in the jaw. Ultrasound examinations (UE) were performed at each study center by the same experienced observer at baseline, immediately after injection, 48hours, and 30days after treatment.
Thirty patients (10 per center) were included in the study. At baseline, UE found a characteristic heterogeneous pattern of subcutaneous cellular tissue, with alternation of soft anechoic and hyperechoic images. The UE, performed immediately after treatment, showed a poorly defined globular ultrasound pattern, with anechoic images indicative of liquid content. Forty-eight hours after treatment, UE are still showing a globular pattern, with well-defined anechoic areas. Thirty days after treatment, a thickening of the subcutaneous cellular tissue was observed in all the evaluated zones, with a total integration of the HA into the tissue.
VYC-25L might represent a significant advance in volumization/restoration of the lower face. Its biointegration was total at day 30 and practically complete at 48hours of treatment.
VYC-25L might represent a significant advance in volumization/restoration of the lower face. Its biointegration was total at day 30 and practically complete at 48 hours of treatment.This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of essential oils or saponins alone or in combination on productive performance, intestinal morphology, and digestive enzymes' activity in broilers. Four hundred one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments, each with 5 replicates. The birds were fed experimental diets contained either no phytogenic feed additives (control) or were supplemented with 25.0 mg/kg of an essential oil blend from star anise, rosemary, thyme and oregano (essential oils); 46.0 mg/kg of a Quillaja saponin blend (saponins); or a combination of both phytogenic preparations (essential oils plus saponins). The experiment lasted for 42 days. Body weight, feed intake and weight gain were recorded weekly, and the feed conversion ratio was calculated, throughout the experiment. Intestinal morphology and digestive enzymes' activity were determined at the end of the experiment. It was found that the body weight was increased by all dietary supplements at the end of the experiment. There was no change in performance parameters among the treatments during the starter period. At the grower period and the overall experiment, the weight gain of birds was higher in all supplemented groups compared to the control, but the feed conversion was better in the essential oils with saponins treatment. Supplementation of essential oils or saponins alone or in combination increased the villus height and the villus/crypt ratio of the intestine. There was an increase in trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase activities in the essential oils plus saponins group only. The obtained results indicate that the phytogenic feed additives, especially essential oils with saponins, can be considered as new promising agents in promoting the growth performance of broilers. The effect could be related to its improving impact in intestinal development and increasing the protease enzymes' activity, resulting in increased protein digestibility and absorption of dietary nutrients.Amphetamines are synthetic noncatecholamine sympathomimetic amines that act as psychostimulants. They have been prescribed for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and additional health conditions. Amphetamines are also drugs of abuse. Some experimental animal studies suggested adverse developmental effects of amphetamines, including structural malformations. These effects were most often observed in experimental animals at higher dose levels than those used for treatment or abuse and at dose levels that produce maternal toxicity. Controlled studies of amphetamine use for the treatment of ADHD and other indications did not suggest that amphetamines are likely to cause structural malformations, although there are three studies associating medication for ADHD or methamphetamine abuse with gastroschisis. We did not locate studies on the neurobehavioral effects of prenatal exposures to therapeutic amphetamine use. Amphetamine abuse was associated with offspring neurobehavioral abnormalities, but lack of adequate adjustment for confounding interferes with interpretation of the associations.
