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8%, RD = -8.5% [-15.1%, -1.9%]). The use of inlay showed potential of decreasing the post-operative leak rate (5.0% vs. 7.2%, RD = -2.2% [-7.7%, 3.3%]). selleck chemicals In low CSF flow group, tampon was better than balloon for nasal packing (1.0% vs. 10.5%, RD = -9.5% [-16.5%, -2.4%]).

Mucosal flap and inlay for high-flow intraoperative CSF leak and tampon (compared with balloon) for low-flow intraoperative CSF leak, improved the postoperative CSF leak rate. Further studies are required to establish more robust evidence.

Mucosal flap and inlay for high-flow intraoperative CSF leak and tampon (compared with balloon) for low-flow intraoperative CSF leak, improved the postoperative CSF leak rate. Further studies are required to establish more robust evidence.Background Communication campaigns offer a portable intervention to effectively reach and engage target populations at risk for suicide including US veterans. Few studies have evaluated such efforts, and still fewer have examined factors that contribute to failed suicide prevention messaging. Aims We aimed to examine characteristics of suicide prevention messages and persuasive processes that may underlie failed communicative intervention with US veterans. Method Telephone interviews were completed with veterans (N = 33) from June to September 2016 using a semi-structured interview guide. Interview transcripts were coded by the authors with NVivo using a constant comparison analytic strategy. Results Several reasons emerged for why suicide prevention messaging may fail to produce intended responses among veterans. Participants identified message features (e.g., language, images, messenger) and communication strategies that may diminish campaign effects. Limitations Findings are not generalizable, are limited to participants who used VA healthcare and were not suicidal, and are subject to several biases. Conclusion This work provides initial insights into barriers to effective message use with veterans.

Women with atrial fibrillation (AF) may be treated less actively with oral anticoagulation (OAC) than men.

We assessed sex differences in the implementation of stroke risk stratification with CHADS

and CHA

DS

-VASc scores and reasons not to use OAC in 1747 AF patients suffering their first cerebrovascular event after the AF diagnosis.

Women were older and had more often a high stroke risk (CHADS

/CHA

DS

-VASc ≥2) than men (

 < .001). On admission, 46.4% of women and 48.2% of men were on OAC with no sex difference (

 = .437). However, of patients without OAC, 74.4% of women and 49.5% of men should have been on OAC based on CHADS

/CHA

DS

-VASc ≥2 (

 < .001). Conversely, 34.8% of men and 17.5% of women on OAC had a low or moderate risk (CHADS

/CHA

DS

-VASc 0-1,

 < .001). A valid reason to omit OAC was reported in 38.6% of patients and less often in women (

 < .001).

OAC was underused in high-risk AF patients, particularly women, but prescribed often in men with low or moderate stroke risk. Reasons for omitting OAC treatment were poorly reported, particularly for women. KEY MESSAGE Women were at higher stroke risk, but were less often treated with oral anticoagulation (OAC). Men were more often on OAC at low or moderate stroke risk. Reasons for omitting guideline based OAC were poorly reported, particularly for women.

OAC was underused in high-risk AF patients, particularly women, but prescribed often in men with low or moderate stroke risk. Reasons for omitting OAC treatment were poorly reported, particularly for women. KEY MESSAGE Women were at higher stroke risk, but were less often treated with oral anticoagulation (OAC). Men were more often on OAC at low or moderate stroke risk. Reasons for omitting guideline based OAC were poorly reported, particularly for women.

We aimed at clarifying correlations between lay etiologies, self-efficacy, and patient activation among cancer patients.

Patients with different kinds of cancer answered a questionnaire on self-efficacy, lay etiology, and patient activation.

639 patients participated. Psychological reasons/stress (43.3%) and destiny (41.6%) were the most cited causes. Lay etiology was influenced by demographics, self-efficacy, and patient activation. Men, younger people, and active patients more often described internal causes of cancer, women and religious patients more often external causes. Patients with higher scores of self-efficacy were more often convinced of external cancer causes.

By identifying individual disease theories, physicians may improve patient-physician communication.

By identifying individual disease theories, physicians may improve patient-physician communication.This proof-of-concept study aims to evaluate the effect of placing graphic health warning labels (GHWLs) on the ENDS device on users' experience, puffing patterns, harm perception, nicotine exposure, and intention to quit or use in the future. JUUL users (n = 26, age 18-24 years; 69% male; 85% Hispanic) were recruited to complete two 60 minutes ad libitum sessions that differed by GHWL on the device (GHWL vs. no-GHWL control) in an experimental clinical lab study. Compared to the control session, using JUUL with GHWL on the device was significantly associated with reduced positive experiences such as pleasure, product liking, and user satisfaction (p-value less then 0.05 for all). Also, after exposure to GHWL, participants were less interested in using the same product again (p-value = 0.007), even if it was the only product available on the market compared to control (p-value = 0.03). Trends toward reduced puffing behavior and nicotine boost were also noted during the GHWL, compared to control sessions. This pilot study shows that placing GHWL on the ENDS device may be an effective and promising strategy to reduce ENDS use among young people.Posterior segment eye disease is a leading cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness. As the unique organ for vision, eyes are protected by various protective barriers. The existence of physiological barriers and elimination mechanisms makes it challenging to treat the posterior segment eye diseases. To achieve efficient drug delivery to the posterior segment of eyes, different drug delivery systems have been proposed. Due to their abilities to enhance ocular tissue permeability, make controlled drug release and target retina, nanocarriers, such as lipid nanoparticles, liposomes and polymeric nanomicelles, have been widely studied for posterior segment drug delivery. However, clinical applications of nanocarrier mediated drug delivery systems as non-invasive ocular drops is still not ready. The delivery of nanocarrier-mediated drug for posterior segment disease still faces the choice of being more effective or more invasive for long-term treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the barriers and the routes of ocular drug delivery while developing the delivery systems.