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Two different metabolic profiles were found. Thirty of these individuals had overall average higher riboflavin, pyridoxal, and vitamin B12 plasma levels (metabolic group 1) compared to 94 individuals (group 2). Group 2 had lower dietary intake of vitamin B2, vitamin A, and vitamin B12 and higher RBC levels of homocysteine. EPA and DHA erythrocyte levels were not different between metabolic groups. Multiple linear regression analyses showed that blood cobalamin, riboflavin, pyridoxal and homocysteine combined, explained 9.0% of LTA4H levels variation in the total studied population. The metabolic group that had low plasma levels of riboflavin, pyridoxal, and cobalamin also had a lower dietary intake of B-vitamin and higher RBC homocysteine. The combined levels of the riboflavin, pyridoxal, cobalamin and homocysteine biomarkers can predict the variation of LTA4H in the total population studied, but it is not clear how this regulation occurs.Vitamin D plays pivotal role in bone mineral homeostasis. But the association of vitamin D with muscle mass remains obscure, especially among young adults. Therefore, we assessed the association between muscle mass and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) in South Korean adults using data from the 2009-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). This study involved 12,324 (5,375 males and 6,949 females) participants in the 2009-2010 KNHANES aged 20 y or older. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) was measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry. RMC-6236 Low muscle mass was defined as an ASM divided by body mass index (BMI) (ASM [kg]÷BMI [kg/m2]) value of less then 0.789 in males and less then 0.512 in females. The vitamin D status was evaluated by assaying the serum 25(OH)D level. After adjustment for covariates, low muscle mass was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D level (odds ratio [OR], 0.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.40-0.75 for 10.0-19.9 ng/mL vs. less then 10.0 ng/mL; OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.33-0.68 for 20.0-29.9 ng/mL vs. less then 10.0 ng/mL; and OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.24-0.64 for ≥30.0 ng/mL vs. less then 10.0 ng/mL). Moreover, low muscle mass was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D level in all age groups. In conclusion, low muscle mass was significantly associated with lower 25(OH)D level in South Korean adults in all age groups.Soybeans contain several physiologically active ingredients, such as soy phytosterol, soyasaponin, soy protein, and lecithin, and are therefore expected to express the functionalities of said ingredients. Among them, soy isoflavones have been studied in recent years for their various functions, including their obesity-preventing effect, blood glucose level reducing effect, osteoporosis and breast cancer risk reduction, and anti-oxidative effect, and several health promoting effects and disease preventing effects are expected. For example, it has been determined that soy isoflavones reduce body and fat weight in experiments in which mice were fed a diet containing soy isoflavones in studies on anti-obesity. Epidemiologic studies with humans have also shown that women who consume more soybeans have lower BMI than those who consume less. We previously found that soy isoflavones may have anti-obesity effects in myoblasts through the activation of transcriptional coactivator PGC-1β, which increases energy expenditure. In recent studies, a decrease in blood glucose level due to soy isoflavone was seen in an experiment in which diabetic model mice were fed a diet containing soy isoflavone. It has also been suggested that soy isoflavone intake may increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and reduce the risk of breast cancer. This review focuses on the actions of soy isoflavones known to date, including their anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects, bone loss preventing effects, and cancer risk reduction effects, and introduces reports on the health promotion and disease prevention effects of soy isoflavones.Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs) are revised every five years. In DRIs 2020, major revision has been made on vitamin D (VD). In DRIs, five indices are defined for nutrients; estimated average requirement (EAR), recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and adequate intake (AI) for the prevention of deficiency/insufficiency, tolerable upper intake level (UL) for avoiding excess intake, and tentative dietary goal for preventing life-style related diseases (DG) for the primary prevention of life-style related diseases. For VD, AI has been determined. VD deficiency causes rickets and osteomalacia. VD insufficiency, milder than deficiency, is a risk for various diseases including osteoporotic fracture. Previously, the basis of AI for VD was the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia, but was changed to the median intake of healthy subjects in DRIs 2005. Recent studies have shown, however, that VD deficiency/insufficiency is quite prevalent, and the above basis is considered inadequate. Then in DRIs 2020, AI was defined as the amount necessary for fracture prevention (15 μg/d) minus that possibly produced in Sapporo during winter in the skin by ultraviolet (5 μg/d). UL and AI for infants were revised in DRIs 2015. For the future DRIs, more clinical and epidemiological studies are urgently needed.Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation is the leading cause of multiple organ failure in sepsis. Pyruvate kinase 2 (PKM2) is a protein kinase and transcriptional coactivator that plays an important role in glycolysis. Recent studies have confirmed that glycolysis maintains the M1 differentiation and induces immune activation in macrophages. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP), the main bioactive component of Chinese wolfberry, suppresses glycolysis and inflammation. Here, RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with LBP for evaluating its effects against LPS-induced inflammation. The differentiation of M1/M2 macrophages was assessed by flow cytometry for assessing the cell surface markers, CD86 and CD206. The enrichment of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α and ubiquitin in the PKM2 protein complex was determined by co-immunoprecipitation. LBP suppressed LPS-induced glycolysis, differentiation of M1 macrophages, and the production of interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and high mobility group (HMG) 1 proteins.