Termansenmoody3515

irth in Medicaid. Changes in Medicaid and other public policy to reduce disincentives for pregnant and parenting women to report substance use during medical visits and to increase providers' abilities and motivation to equitably screen for as well as treat women with SUDs before, during, and after pregnancy could improve outcomes for mothers and their children. Improvements in SUD diagnosis would also improve prevalence estimates of specific types of SUD, which could contribute to better Medicaid policies aimed at prevention and treatment.Cognitive remediation (CR) programs are new to substance treatment and research needs to evaluate their implementation. The context of implementation, specifically staff perceptions, is critical to changing practice. The aim of this study was to identify treatment staff members' perceptions about the benefits and challenges of a new CR intervention in their workplace. The study conducted semi-structured interviews with staff at a residential substance treatment center when the CR program was first being implemented and again six months later. The study interviewed eight staff members in each round (>50% of staff members in the unit) from all role designations. A critical perspective shaped a thematic analysis of challenges to implementation. The study identified benefits of the CR program to clients and staff. However, only one staff member participated in training to deliver the program. In principle, staff members support the program, but this does not necessarily translate into active involvement, even when the study conducted staff engagement activities. CR programs are likely to improve functional outcomes for people in substance rehabilitation programs. However, this study suggests that staff accepting and valuing a new intervention is not enough to sustain it. For CR programs to be feasible, management should schedule and support staff training, and facilitate staff participation in that training. Organizational factors are likely to play a significant role in implementation success or failure, and further research should explore how the organizational culture of alcohol and other drug services impacts the implementation of CR therapy.Chitin deacetylases (CDAs, EC 3.5.1.41) catalyze the N-deacetylation of chitin to produce chitosan, which is essential for insect survival. Hence, CDAs are promising targets for the development of novel insecticidal drugs. In this study, the putative Group I chitin deacetylase genes HpCDA1, HpCDA2-1 and HpCDA2-2 were identified from Holotrichia parallela. Conserved domain database search identified a chitin-binding peritrophin-A domain (ChBD), a low-density lipoprotein receptor class A domain (LDLa), and a putative CDA-like catalytic domain. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the Group I HpCDAs were expressed in various tissues and predominant in the integument. The developmental expression patterns from the first-instar to third-instar larvae showed that HpCDAs were highly expressed on the first day and gradually declined after molting. The functional characteristics of the Group I CDAs in cuticle organization were examined using RNA interference (RNAi) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. Administration of double-stranded HpCDA (dsHpCDA) through larval injection could suppress the expression levels of HpCDA1 and HpCDA2, thus resulting in abnormal or lethal phenotypes. TEM analysis revealed that RNAi of either HpCDA1 or HpCDA2 remarkably affected the cuticle integrity, as evidenced by cuticle disorganization and chitin laminae disruption, suggesting the crucial role of CDAs in chitin modification. These experimental results demonstrate the important contribution of putative key genes involved in chitin metabolism, and provide a foundation for developing new strategies to control H. parallela.Increased production of detoxification enzymes appears to be the primary route for insecticide resistance in many crop pests. However, the mechanisms employed by resistant insects for overexpression of detoxification genes involved in insecticide resistance remain obscure. We report here that the NR2E nuclear receptor HR83 plays a critical role in chlorpyrifos resistance by regulating the expression of detoxification genes in the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens. HR83 was highly expressed in the fat body and ovary of adult females in chlorpyrifos-resistant BPHs. Knockdown of HR83 by RNA interference showed no effect on female fecundity, whereas caused a decrease of resistance to chlorpyrifos. This treatment also led to a dramatic reduction in the expression of multiple detoxification genes, including four UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), three cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) and four carboxylesterases (CarEs). Among these HR83-regulated genes, UGT-1-3, UGT-2B10, CYP6CW1, CYP4CE1, CarE and Esterase E4-1 were over-expressed both in the fat body and ovary of the resistant BPHs. Functional analyses revealed that UGT-2B10, CYP4CE1, CarE and Esterase E4-1 are essential for the resistance of BPH to chlorpyrifos. Generally, this study implicates HR83 in the metabolic detoxification-mediated chlorpyrifos resistance and suggests that the regulation of detoxification genes may be an ancestral function of the NR2E nuclear receptor subfamily.Metabolic resistance is one of the main causes of acaricide resistance. Many previous studies focused on the function of specific genes in insecticides/acaricides resistance. However, during the development of resistance, the overall dynamic of expression levels of detoxification enzyme genes in mites is still unclear. Tetranychus cinnabarinus, a major agricultural pest, which is notorious for developing resistance to acaricides rapidly. In this study, a field susceptible strain (YS) was continuously selected for 16, 25 and 32 generations, and developed to low resistance (7.83-fold, L), medium resistance (17.23-fold, M) and high resistance (86.05-fold, H), respectively. Transcriptome sequencing was performed in YS, L, M and H strains. Overall, compared with YS strain, the number of differential expression genes increased slightly with the development of cyflumetofen-resistance. SMS 201-995 As for detoxification genes, the median of fold change of up-regulated P450、CCE and GST genes was higher than those of all up-regulated genes in three resistance level, but only the number and the median of fold change of up-regulated P450 genes was increased slightly with the development of resistance.