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Vocal fold immobility can be either unilateral or bilateral and partial or complete. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the management of unilateral paresis using medialization thyroplasty with or without arytenoid adduction as a means of treating neurogenic causes as opposed to mechanical fixation. Medialization thyroplasty is an open surgical procedure that is performed under local or general anesthesia. Essentially, it aims to close the glottic gap, approximating both vocal folds together and thereby allowing for restoration of the efficiency of the larynx. The glottic gap results from atrophy of the affected vocal fold and in so doing results in glottic insufficiency which causes voice breathiness, strain, fatigue, aspiration, and swallowing difficulties that make up the bulk of symptoms associated with this condition. Unlike injection laryngoplasty, medialization thyroplasty does not increase the "bulk" of the atrophic vocal fold but merely brings the fold closer to its unaffected partner. Besides the obvious lateralization, there is occasionally a third dimensional component to the affected fold. The slipping and prolapse forward of the arytenoid cartilage due to atrophy of the muscles supporting it and the natural declination of the facet joint it rests on cause a vertical drop of the level of the affected vocal fold that may not be remedied with the medialization procedure, hence requiring arytenoid adduction. Although attempts to medialize the vocal fold have been described in the past with limited access, the basic premise of creating a window in the thyroid cartilage remains central. The differences between materials used, their respective strengths and weaknesses, the pitfalls and pearls in achieving a good closure and improvement in voice, swallow, and safety of the airway are all discussed accordingly.To understand the development of children's flavor preferences, it is important to consider the context of the feeding environment. Although children are predisposed to prefer sweet-tasting foods and beverages and to avoid bitter-tasting foods such as dark-green vegetables, parents can play a central role in shifting these innate food acceptance patterns throughout development. 2-Bromohexadecanoic Beginning before birth, the fetus detects the continually changing flavor profile of amniotic fluid, which reflects the mother's diet. After birth, if mothers choose to breastfeed, these sensory experiences continue. Through this process of familiarization, women who maintain a healthy diet throughout pregnancy and lactation prepare their infants to like healthful foods. Upon the introduction of solid foods, repeated exposure to a variety of healthful foods promotes acceptance for these foods and for novel foods. In addition to providing sensory exposures to a range of healthful foods, parents can shape children's flavor preferences by modeling healthy eating behaviors and by creating supportive feeding environments. The degree to which parents engage in these practices is influenced by demographic and societal characteristics. Considering the context in which children and families live will encourage the development of evidence-based strategies that more effectively support children's healthy eating habits.Evidence-based psychosocial interventions for borderline personality disorder (BPD) still face multiple challenges regarding treatment accessibility, adherence, duration, and economic costs. Over the last decade, technology has addressed these concerns from different disciplines. The current scoping review aimed to delineate novel and ongoing clinical research on technology-based psychosocial interventions for patients with BPD. Online databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Google Scholar) were searched up to June 2020. Technology-based psychosocial treatments included innovative communication (eHealth) and computational (e.g., artificial intelligence), computing (e.g., computer-based), or medical (e.g., functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) software. Clinical research encompassed any testing stage (e.g., feasibility, efficacy). Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The main findings were the following almost two-thirds of the studies (9/15) tested software explicitly conceived as adjunctive interventions to conventional therapy; nearly half of the studies (7/15) were referred to as dialectical behavior therapy-based software; most studies (13/15) were focused on the initial stage of the clinical research cycle (feasibility/acceptance/usability testing), reporting good results at this point; more than one-third of the studies (6/15) tested mobile apps; there is emerging evidence for Internet-based interventions and real-time fMRI biofeedback but only little evidence for mHealth interventions, virtual and augmented reality, and computer-based interventions; there was no computational technology-based clinical research; and there was no satisfaction/preference, security/safety, or efficiency testing for any software. Taken together, the results suggest that there is a growing but still incipient amount of technology-based psychosocial interventions for BPD supported by some kind of clinical evidence. The limitations and directions for future research are discussed.Over the course of evolution, Mother Nature preserved the ability of humans to make every sugar they need for metabolic functions. Glucose is the almost exclusive fuel preferred by the human brain. Human infants are born with sweet taste receptors, sugars are a significant energy source in human milk, and mammals have a direct gut-to-brain sugar-sensing system that enhances development of a preference for sugars. If sugars are as toxic as many postulate, what species advantage was conferred by this evolutionary progression? Observational studies have reported that sugar consumption is associated with various adverse health risks. However, observational studies can never prove causality, dietary intake records are known to be highly problematic, and the huge number of correlation interdependencies among environmental "exposome" variables makes it impossible to attribute causality to individual dietary components. Additionally, these studies overall have been graded as low quality, and many reported the small effect sizes are likely within the propagated methodological "noise.